@InCollection{abbott:braintheory95, author = "L. F. Abbott and Eve Marder", title = "Activity-Dependent Regulation of Neuronal Conductances", booktitle = "The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "Cambridge, MA", edition = "First", year = 1995, editor = "Michael A. Arbib", pages = "63--65", } @Book{abeles:book82, author = "M. Abeles", title = "Local Cortical Circuits: {A}n Electrophysiological Study", series = "Studies of Brain Function", volume = 6, publisher = "Springer", address = "Berlin", year = 1982, } @Book{abeles:book91, author = "M. Abeles", title = "{C}orticonics: {N}euronal Circuits of the Cerebral Cortex", year = 1991, address = "Cambridge, UK", publisher = "Cambridge University Press", } @Article{abeles:pnas95, author = "M. Abeles and H. Bergman and I. Gat and I. Meilijson and E. Seidemann and N. Tishby and E. Vaadia", title = "Cortical Activity Flips Among Quasi-Stationary States", journal = "{P}roceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, {USA}", volume = 92, year = 1995, pages = "8616--8620", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=7567985", abstract = "Parallel recordings of spike trains of several single cortical neurons in behaving monkeys were analyzed as a hidden Markov process. The parallel spike trains were considered as a multivariate Poisson process whose vector firing rates change with time. As a consequence of this approach, the complete recording can be segmented into a sequence of a few statistically discriminated hidden states, whose dynamics are modeled as a first-order Markov chain. The biological validity and benefits of this approach were examined in several independent ways: (i) the statistical consistency of the segmentation and its correspondence to the behavior of the animals; (ii) direct measurement of the collective flips of activity, obtained by the model; and (iii) the relation between the segmentation and the pair-wise short-term cross-correlations between the recorded spike trains. Comparison with surrogate data was also carried out for each of the above examinations to assure their significance. Our results indicated the existence of well-separated states of activity, within which the firing rates were approximately stationary. With our present data we could reliably discriminate six to eight such states. The transitions between states were fast and were associated with concomitant changes of firing rates of several neurons. Different behavioral modes and stimuli were consistently reflected by different states of neural activity. Moreover, the pair-wise correlations between neurons varied considerably between the different states, supporting the hypothesis that these distinct states were brought about by the cooperative action of many neurons.", } @Article{abeles:jnp93, author = "M. Abeles and H. Bergman and E. Margalit and E. Vaadia", title = "{S}patiotemporal Firing Patterns in the Frontal Cortex of Behaving Monkeys", journal = "Journal of Neurophysiology", volume = 70, pages = "1629--1638", year = 1993, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=8283219", abstract = "1. Activity of up to 10 single units was recorded in parallel from frontal areas of behaving monkeys. 2. Spatiotemporal firing patterns were revealed by a method that detects all excessively repeating patterns regardless of their complexity or single-unit composition. 3. Excess of repeating patterns was found in 30-60\% of the cases examined when timing jitter of 1-3 ms was allowed. 4. An independent test refuted the hypothesis that these patterns represented chance events. 5. In a given behavioral condition there were usually many different patterns, each repeating several times, and not one (or a few) pattern repeating many times. 6. In 13 out of 20 cases, when a single unit elevated its firing rate in association with an external event beyond 40/s, most of the spikes within that period were associated with excessively repeating spatiotemporal patterns. 7. Of 157 types of patterns whose excess was most marked, 107 were composed of spikes from one single unit, 45 of the patterns contained spikes from two single units, and only one was composed of spikes from three different single units. 8. These properties suggest that the patterns were generated by reverberations in a synfire mode within self-exciting cell assemblies.", } @Article{abramov:science82, title = "The Retina of the Newborn Human Infant", author = "Israel Abramov and James Gordon and Anita Hendrickson and Louise Hainline and Velma Dobson and Eillen LaBossiere", journal = "Science", volume = 217, number = 4556, pages = "265--267", year = 1982, url = "http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075\%2819820716\%293\%3A217\%3A4556\%3C265\%3ATROTNH\%3E2.0.CO\%3B2-Z", abstract = "We have examined a pair of eyes from a normal, full-term infant who died at 8 days as a result of accidental injury. Eyes were obtained immediately after death, fixed, and sectioned for light microscopy. Results from both eyes were substantially the same. The macular region was still drastically immature at 1 week. Even though a foveal depression existed, all cell layers were still present across it. Furthermore, the inner nuclear layer was divided into two separate layers. The receptor layer was reduced to one or two cells thick; receptors had both inner and outer segments, but they were very short and stumpy. The region of immaturity covered about 5 degrees of the retina. These findings suggest that the central region of a human infant's retina is probably not fully functional at birth.", } @Article{acerra:devsci02, author = "Francesca Acerra and Yves Burnod and Scania {de Schonen}", title = "Modelling Aspects of Face Processing in Early Infancy", journal = "Developmental Science", volume = 5, number = 1, pages = "98--117", year = 2002, aliases = "acerra:2001,acerra:devsci01", } @Misc{achermann:images95, author = "Bernard Achermann", title = "Full-Faces Database", note = "Copyright 1995, University of Bern, all rights reserved. http://iamwww.unibe.ch/~fkiwww/Personen/achermann.html.", year = 1995, } @Article{adorjan:visneuro99, title = "A Model for the Intracortical Origin of Orientation Preference and Tuning in Macaque Striate Cortex", author = "P. Adorj{\'a}n and J. B. Levitt and J. S. Lund and K. Obermayer", journal = "Visual Neuroscience", volume = 16, year = 1999, pages = "303--318", url = "ftp://ftp.cs.tu-berlin.de/pub/local/ni/papers/adp98-visnsci.ps.gz", abstract = "We report results of numerical simulations for a model of generation of orientation selectivity in macaque striate cortex. In contrast to previous models, where the initial orientation bias is generated by convergent geniculate input to simple cells and subsequently sharpened by lateral circuits, our approach is based on anisotropic intracortical excitatory connections which provide both the initial orientation bias and its subsequent amplification. Our study shows that the emerging response properties are similar to the response properties that are observed experimentally, hence the hypothesis of an intracortical generation of orientation bias is a sensible alternative to the notion of an afferent bias by convergent geniculocortical projection patterns. In contrast to models based on an afferent orientation bias, however, the 'intracortical hypothesis' predicts that orientation tuning gradually evolves from an initially nonoriented response and a complete loss of orientation tuning when the recurrent excitation is blocked, but new experiments must be designed to unambiguously decide between both hypotheses.", } @Article{adrian:jphy26, author = "E. D. Adrian", title = "The Impulses Produced by Sensory Nerve Endings", journal = "The Journal of Physiology", volume = 61, year = 1926, pages = "49--72", } @Article{aguerayarcas:nc03b, author = "Blaise {Ag{\"u}era y Arcas} and Adrienne L. Fairhall", title = "What Causes a Neuron to Spike?", journal = "Neural Computation", volume = 15, year = 2003, pages = "1789--1807", abstract = " The computation performed by a neuron can be formulated as a combination of dimensional reduction in stimulus space and the nonlinearity inherent in a spiking output. White noise stimulus and reverse correlation (the spike-triggered average and spike-triggered covariance) are often used in experimental neuroscience to ``ask'' neurons which dimensions in stimulus space they are sensitive to and to characterize the nonlinearity of the response. In this article, we apply reverse correlation to the simplest model neuron with temporal dynamics--the leaky integrate-and- fire model--and find that for even this simple case, standard techniques do not recover the known neural computation. To overcome this, we develop novel reverse-correlation techniques by selectively analyzing only ``isolated'' spikes and taking explicit account of the extended silences that precede these isolated spikes. We discuss the implications of our methods to the characterization of neural adaptation. Although these methods are developed in the context of the leaky integrate-and-fire model, our findings are relevant for the analysis of spike trains from real neurons.", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=14511513", } @Article{ahmed:jcompneuro97, author = "R. Ahmed and J. C. Anderson and K. A. C. Martin and N. J. Charmaine", title = "Map of the Synapses Onto Layer 4 Basket Cells of the Primary Visual Cortex of the Cat", journal = "Journal of Computational Neuroscience", volume = 380, year = 1997, pages = "230--242", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9100134", abstract = "The pattern of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the inhibitory neurons is largely unknown. We have set out to quantify the major excitatory and inhibitory inputs to layer 4 basket cells from the primary visual cortex of the cat. The synapses formed with the soma, and proximal and distal dendrites, were examined at the light and electron microscopic levels in four basket cells, recorded in vivo and filled with horseradish peroxidase. The major afferents of layer 4 have been well characterised, both at the light and electron microscopic levels. The sizes of the synaptic boutons of the major excitatory inputs to layer 4 from the thalamic relay cells, spiny stellate cells, and layer 6 pyramidal neurons are statistically different. Their distributions were compared to those of the boutons forming asymmetric contacts onto the basket cells, which were assumed to be provided by the same set of excitatory afferents. The best-fit results showed that about equal numbers of synapses were provided by the layer 6 pyramids (43\%) and the spiny stellates (44\%), whereas the thalamic afferents contributed only 13\%. A similar analysis on the symmetric synaptic input to the basket cells indicated that as much as 79\% of the symmetric synapses could have originated from layer 4 basket cells. Thalamic and spiny stellate synapses were preferentially located on the soma and proximal dendrites, regions that also had 76\% of all the symmetric contracts.", } @Article{albrecht:jphyl84, author = "Duane G. Albrecht and Susan B. Farrar and David B. Hamilton", title = "Spatial Contrast Adaptation Characteristics of Neurones Recorded in the Cat's Visual Cortex", journal = "The Journal of Physiology", year = 1984, volume = 347, pages = "713--739", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=6707974", abstract = "Spatial contrast adaptation, produced by prolonged exposure to high contrast grating patterns, has become an important psychophysical method for isolating spatial and orientation selective channels in the human visual system. It has been reasonably argued that this adaptation may be fundamentally dependent upon the activity of neurones in the striate cortex. To test the validity of this hypothesis, and several others, we measured the general adaptation characteristics of 144 striate neurones using a stimulus protocol comparable to the typical psychophysical methods. In general, during prolonged high contrast stimulation, the responses of most cells exponentially decayed from a transient peak response to a sustained plateau response; following adaptation, the responses to lower contrasts were depressed relative to the unadapted state but then gradually recovered from the transient depression to a sustained plateau. Such adaptation was a property common to both simple and complex cells (the distributions of the quantitative of adaptation were overlapping); there were however small but reliable differences. We compared the neurophysiological contrast adaptation with two psychophysical estimates of human contrast adaptation (threshold contrast elevation and apparent contrast reduction) and found that the time courses and the magnitudes were quite similar. The effect of contrast adaptation on the spatial frequency tuning was assessed by measuring the contrast response function at several different test spatial frequencies before and after adaptation at the optimum centre frequency. We found that the effect of adaptation decreased as the difference between test and adaptation frequency increased. Grating contrast adaptation has been alternatively described as 'constructive gain control' on the one hand and as 'deleterious fatigue' on the other. We tested the effect of contrast adaptation on the contrast response function and found (a) that adaptation shifts the curves vertically downward parallel to the response axis (thus reflecting a decrease in the maximum rate of firing and a deleterious compression of the response range) and (b) that adaptation shifts the curves horizontally to the right parallel to the contrast axis (thus reflecting a true sensitivity shift of the remaining response range for constructive maintenance of high differential sensitivity around the prevailing background level).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", } @Article{albus:early, author = "K. Albus and W. Wolf", title = "Early Postnatal Development of Neuronal Function in the Kitten's Visual Cortex: {A} Laminar Analysis", journal = "The Journal of Physiology", year = 1984, volume = 348, pages = "153--185", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=6716282", abstract = "The normal post-natal development of visual cortical functions was studied by recording extracellularly from 612 single neurones in the striate and parastriate cortex of anaesthetized and paralysed kittens, ranging in age from 6 to 24 days. Analyses have been made of laminar differences in the developmental trends of receptive field properties such as orientation specificity and spatial organization of 'on' and 'off' zones. At the beginning of the second post-natal week the majority of neurones (76\%) only respond to light 'off' (unimodal 'off' neurones). Only later does the frequency of occurrence of unimodal 'on' neurones and of bimodal or multimodal neurones (with spatially segregated 'on' and 'off' zones arranged side by side) increase so that, by the middle of the fourth week, about equal numbers of these three receptive field types are found. The proportion of 'on-off' neurones (with spatially coincident 'on' and 'off' zones) remains low (between 9\% and 12\%) during the early post-natal period. In layers 4 and 6 of areas 17 and 18 the frequency of occurrence of visual neurones is quite normal even in the youngest kittens, whereas the probability of recording neurones in layers 2/3 and 5 in kittens less than 14 days old is remarkably low and only gradually improves up to the middle of the fourth week. A very rudimentary order in the spatial arrangement of orientation-specific neurones and ocular dominance distribution is observed even in very young kittens. This order improves rapidly and reaches adult levels during the fourth post-natal week. In visually inexperienced kittens, on average 11\% of all responsive neurones are selective for the orientation of elongated visual stimuli, and 58\% are biased. The proportion of orientation-selective cells begins to increase rapidly about two days after lid opening, and proportions of orientation-selective cells similar to that in the adult are reached by the end of the fourth post-natal week. Orientation-selective neurones in kittens less than 10 days old are only found in layers 4 and 6 and the lower part of layer 3. In layers 2/3 and 5 they are first seen in larger proportions by the beginning of the third post-natal week. Our results show that, during the first post-natal month, the time course of the functional development of visual cortical neurones depends on receptive field type and on intracortical location.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", } @Article{alexander:vres04, author = "David M. Alexander and Paul D. Bourke and Phil Sheridan and Otto Konstandatos and James J. Wright", title = "Intrinsic Connections in Tree Shrew {V}1 Imply a Global to Local Mapping", journal = "Vision Research", volume = 44, year = 2004, pages = "857--876", abstract = " The local-global map hypothesis states that locally organized response properties--such as orientation preference--result from visuotopically organized local maps of non-retinotopic response properties. In the tree shrew, the lateral extent of horizontal patchy connections is as much as 80-100\% of V1 and is consistent with the length summation property. We argue that neural signals can be transmitted across the entire extent of V1 and this allows the formation of maps at the local scale that are visuotopically organized. We describe mechanisms relevant to the formation of local maps and report modeling results showing the same patterns of horizontal connectivity, and relationships to orientation preference, seen in vivo. The structure of the connectivity that emerges in the simulations reveals a 'hub and spoke' organization. Singularities form the centers of local maps, and linear zones and saddle-points arise as smooth border transitions between maps. These findings are used to present the case for the local-global map hypothesis for tree shrew V1. ", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=14992831", } @Article{aloimonos:ijcv88, author = "J. Aloimonos and I. Weiss and A. Bandyopadhyay", title = "Active Vision", journal = "International Journal of Computer Vision", volume = 1, year = 1988, pages = "333--356", } @Article{alvarez:nas94, author = "P. Alvarez and L. R. Squire", title = "Memory Consolidation and the Medial Temporal Lobe: {A} Simple Network Model", journal = "{P}roceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, {USA}", year = 1994, volume = 91, pages = "7041--7045", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=8041742", abstract = "Some forms of memory have been shown to depend on a system of medial temporal lobe structures that includes the hippocampus and the adjacent cortical areas (entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortex). The role of this system is only temporary, however, as indicated by the fact that, after damage to the medial temporal lobe, recent memories are impaired but very remote memories are intact. Here we review the evidence that the medial temporal lobe memory system is involved in a process of consolidation: memories are initially dependent on this system but gradually become established in other areas of the brain. We then review some of the ideas that have been proposed about the phenomenon of consolidation and suggest a synthesis of these views. Finally, we describe a simple neural network model that captures some key features of consolidation.", } @Article{amari:topographic, author = "Amari, {Shun-ichi}", title = "Topographic Organization of Nerve Fields", journal = "Bulletin of Mathematical Biology", year = 1980, volume = 42, pages = "339--364", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=6246997", } @Article{amit:bbs94, author = "D. J. Amit", title = "The {H}ebbian Paradigm Reintegrated: {L}ocal Reverberations as Internal Representations", journal = "Behavioral and Brain Sciences", volume = 18, year = 1994, pages = "617--626", abstract = " The neurophysiological evidence from Miyashita et al.'s experiments on monkeys as well as cognitive experience common to us all suggests that local neuronal spike rate distributions might persist in the absence of their eliciting stimulus. In Hebb's cell-assembly theory, learning dynamics stabilize such self-maintaining reverberations. Quasi-quantitive modelling of the experimental data on internal representations in association-cortex modules identifies the reverberations (delay spike activity) as the internal code (representation). This leads to cognitive and neurophysiological predictions, many following directly from the language used to describe the activity in the experimental delay period, others from the details of how the model captures the properties of the internal representations.", } @Book{anderson:neurocomputing, editor = "James A. Anderson and E. Rosenfeld", title = "Neurocomputing: {F}oundations of Research", publisher = "MIT Press", year = 1988, address = "Cambridge, MA", url = "http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262510480", } @Article{andrade:bc01, author = "Miguel A. Andrade and Enrique M. Muro and Federico Mor{\'a}n", title = "Simulation of Plasticity in the Adult Visual Cortex", journal = "Biological Cybernetics", volume = 84, number = 6, year = 2001, pages = "445--451", url = "http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00422/bibs/1084006/10840445.htm", abstract = "Retinal plasticity has been shown in the adult visual nervous system in mammals. Following a retinal lesion (scotoma) there is a reorganization of the cortical receptive field distribution: cortical neurons selective to visual stimuli in the area of the visual field corresponding to the retinal lesion, become selective to other parts of the visual field. In this work, we study this effect with a self-organizing neural network. In a first stage, the network reaches a pattern of connectivity that represents normal development of neuronal selectivity. The scotoma is simulated by perturbing accordingly the properties of a region of the input layer representing the retina. The system evolves to a new receptive field distribution mainly by means of the reorganization of the intra cortical connectivity. No major change of the geniculo cortical connectivity is detected. This may explain the surprisingly short time scale of the event. ", } @Article{angelucci:pbr02, issn = "0079-6123", title = "Anatomical Origins of the Classical Receptive Field and Modulatory Surround Field of Single Neurons in Macaque Visual Cortical Area {V1}", author = "Alessandra Angelucci and Jonathan B. Levitt and Jennifer S. Lund", journal = "Progress in Brain Research", volume = 136, pages = "373--388", year = 2002, abstract = "From the analyses of our own and others' anatomical and physiological data for the macaque visual system, we arrive at a conclusion that three pathways can provide the V1 neuron with access to information from the visual field and affect its response. First, direct thalamic input can determine the size of the initial activating RF at high contrast. Second, lateral connections can enlarge the RF at low contrast by pooling information from larger regions of cortex that are otherwise ineffective when high contrast thalamic input is driving the cortical neuron. Thirdly, feedback from extrastriate cortex (possibly together with overlap or interdigitation of coactive lateral connectional fields within V1) can provide a large and stimulus specific surround modulatory field. The stimulus specificity of the interactions between the center and surround fields, may be due to the orderly, matching structure and different scales of intra-areal and feedback projection excitatory pathways. The observed activity changes of single recorded excitatory neurons could be a result of the relative weight of excitation on the excitatory neurons themselves and on local inhibitory interneurons that synapse on them. Inhibitory basket neurons, driven by the local excitatory neurons, could govern local interactions between cortical patches of different tuning properties, resulting in more distant changes in excitatory input in the laterally connected intra-areal neuronal pools. ", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=12143395", } @Book{arbib:book97, author = "M. A. Arbib and P. {\'E}rdi and J. Szent{\'a}gothai", title = "Neural Organization: {S}tructure, Function, and Dynamics", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "Cambridge, MA", year = 1997, abstract = " In Neural Organization, Arbib, Erdi, and Szentagothai integrate structural, functional, and dynamical approaches to the interaction of brain models and neurobiologcal experiments. Both structure-based ``bottom-up'' and function- based ``top-down'' models offer coherent concepts by which to evaluate the experimental data. The goal of this book is to point out the advantages of a multidisciplinary, multistrategied approach to the brain. Part I of Neural Organization provides a detailed introduction to each of the three areas of structure, function, and dynamics. Structure refers to the anatomical aspects of the brain and the relations between different brain regions. Function refers to skills and behaviors, which are explained by means of functional schemas and biologically based neural networks. Dynamics refers to the use of a mathematical framework to analyze the temporal change of neural activities and synaptic connectivities that underlie brain development and plasticity--in terms of both detailed single-cell models and large-scale network models. In part II, the authors show how their systematic approach can be used to analyze specific parts of the nervous system--the olfactory system, hippocampus, thalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia--as well as to integrate data from the study of brain regions, functional models, and the dynamics of neural networks. In conclusion, they offer a plan for the use of their methods in the development of cognitive neuroscience.", } @Book{arbib:neuroinformatics01, editor = "Michael A. Arbib and Jeffrey S. Grethe", title = "Computing the Brain: {A} Guide to Neuroinformatics", publisher = "Academic Press", year = 2001, address = "San Diego, CA", } @Article{ascoli:ptrslb01, issn = "0962-8436", title = "Generation, Description and Storage of Dendritic Morphology Data", author = "G. A. Ascoli and J. L. Krichmar and S. J. Nasuto and S. L. Senft", journal = "Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences", volume = 356, number = 1412, pages = "1131--1145", year = 2001, url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0905", abstract = "It is generally assumed that the variability of neuronal morphology has an important effect on both the connectivity and the activity of the nervous system, but this effect has not been thoroughly investigated. Neuroanatomical archives represent a crucial tool to explore structure-function relationships in the brain. We are developing computational tools to describe, generate, store and render large sets of three-dimensional neuronal structures in a format that is compact, quantitative, accurate and readily accessible to the neuroscientist. Single-cell neuroanatomy can be characterized quantitatively at several levels. In computer-aided neuronal tracing files, a dendritic tree is described as a series of cylinders, each represented by diameter, spatial coordinates and the connectivity to other cylinders in the tree. This 'Cartesian' description constitutes a completely accurate mapping of dendritic morphology but it bears little intuitive information for the neuroscientist. In contrast, a classical neuroanatomical analysis characterizes neuronal dendrites on the basis of the statistical distributions of morphological parameters, e.g. maximum branching order or bifurcation asymmetry. This description is intuitively more accessible, but it only yields information on the collective anatomy of a group of dendrites, i.e. it is not complete enough to provide a precise 'blueprint' of the original data. We are adopting a third, intermediate level of description, which consists of the algorithmic generation of neuronal structures within a certain morphological class based on a set of 'fundamental', measured parameters. This description is as intuitive as a classical neuroanatomical analysis (parameters have an intuitive interpretation), and as complete as a Cartesian file (the algorithms generate and display complete neurons). The advantages of the algorithmic description of neuronal structure are immense. If an algorithm can measure the values of a handful of parameters from an experimental database and generate virtual neurons whose anatomy is statistically indistinguishable from that of their real counterparts, a great deal of data compression and amplification can be achieved. Data compression results from the quantitative and complete description of thousands of neurons with a handful of statistical distributions of parameters. Data amplification is possible because, from a set of experimental neurons, many more virtual analogues can be generated. This approach could allow one, in principle, to create and store a neuroanatomical database containing data for an entire human brain in a personal computer. We are using two programs, L-NEURON and ARBORVITAE, to investigate systematically the potential of several different algorithms for the generation of virtual neurons. Using these programs, we have generated anatomically plausible virtual neurons for several morphological classes, including guinea pig cerebellar Purkinje cells and cat spinal cord motor neurons. These virtual neurons are stored in an online electronic archive of dendritic morphology. This process highlights the potential and the limitations of the 'computational neuroanatomy' strategy for neuroscience databases. ", } @Article{atick:network93, author = "Joseph J. Atick", title = "Could Information Theory Provide an Ecological Theory of Sensory Processing?", journal = "Network: Computation in Neural Systems", year = 1992, volume = 3, pages = "213--251", } @Article{atick:towards, author = "Joseph J. Atick and A. Norman Redlich", title = "Towards a Theory of Early Visual Processing", journal = "Neural Computation", year = 1990, volume = 2, pages = "308--320", } @Article{azouz:pnas00, author = "R. Azouz and C. M. Gray", title = "Dynamic Spike Threshold Reveals a Mechanism for Synaptic Coincidence Detection in Cortical Neurons In Vivo", journal = "{P}roceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, {USA}", volume = 97, year = 2000, pages = "8110--8115", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10859358", abstract = "Cortical neurons are sensitive to the timing of their synaptic inputs. They can synchronize their firing on a millisecond time scale and follow rapid stimulus fluctuations with high temporal precision. These findings suggest that cortical neurons have an enhanced sensitivity to synchronous synaptic inputs that lead to rapid rates of depolarization. The voltage-gated currents underlying action potential generation may provide one mechanism to amplify rapid depolarizations. We have tested this hypothesis by analyzing the relations between membrane potential fluctuations and spike threshold in cat visual cortical neurons recorded intracellularly in vivo. We find that visual stimuli evoke broad variations in spike threshold that are caused in large part by an inverse relation between spike threshold and the rate of membrane depolarization preceding a spike. We also find that spike threshold is inversely related to the rate of rise of the action potential upstroke, suggesting that increases in spike threshold result from a decrease in the availability of Na(+) channels. By using a simple neuronal model, we show that voltage-gated Na(+) and K(+) conductances endow cortical neurons with an enhanced sensitivity to rapid depolarizations that arise from synchronous excitatory synaptic inputs. Thus, the basic mechanism responsible for action potential generation also enhances the sensitivity of cortical neurons to coincident synaptic inputs.", } @Book{bachyrita:book72, author = "P. {Bach y Rita}", title = "Brain Mechanisms in Sensory Substitution", publisher = "Academic Press", address = "San Diego, CA", year = 1972, } @Article{bachyrita:anyas04, author = "Paul {Bach y Rita}", title = "Tactile Sensory Substitution Studies", journal = "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences", volume = 1013, year = 2004, pages = "83--91", url = "http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/abstract/1013/1/83", abstract = "Forty years ago a project to explore late brain plasticity was initiated that was to lead into a broad area of sensory substitution studies. The questions at that time were: Can a person who has never seen learn to see as an adult? Is the brain sufficiently plastic to develop an entirely new sensory system? The short answer to both questions is yes, first clearly demonstrated in 1969 ((Bach-y-Rita et al., 1969)). To reach that conclusion, it was first necessary to find a way to get visual information to the brain. That took many years and is still the most challenging aspect of the research and the development of practical sensory substitution and augmentation systems. The sensor array is not a problem: a TV camera for blind persons; an accelerometer for persons with vestibular loss; a microphone for deaf persons. These are common and fully developed devices. The problem is the brain-machine interface (BMI). In this short report, only two substitution systems are discussed, vision and vestibular substitution.", } @InProceedings{bailey:cogsci97, author = "David Bailey and Jerome A. Feldman and Srini Narayanan and George Lakoff", title = "Modeling Embodied Lexical Development", booktitle = "{P}roceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society", editor = "Michael G. Shafto and Pat Langley", site = "Stanford University", year = 1997, publisher = "Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum", pages = "19--24", publisher = "Erlbaum", address = "Hillsdale, NJ", } @Article{bair:jn01, author = "W. Bair and E. Zohary and W. T. Newsome", title = "Correlated Firing in Macaque Visual Area {MT}: {T}ime Scales and Relationship to Behavior", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 21, year = 2001, pages = "1676--1697", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=11222658", abstract = "We studied the simultaneous activity of pairs of neurons recorded with a single electrode in visual cortical area MT while monkeys performed a direction discrimination task. Previously, we reported the strength of interneuronal correlation of spike count on the time scale of the behavioral epoch (2 sec) and noted its potential impact on signal pooling (Zohary et al., 1994). We have now examined correlation at longer and shorter time scales and found that pair-wise cross-correlation was predominantly short term (10-100 msec). Narrow, central peaks in the spike train cross-correlograms were largely responsible for correlated spike counts on the time scale of the behavioral epoch. Longer-term (many seconds to minutes) changes in the responsiveness of single neurons were observed in auto-correlations; however, these slow changes in time were on average uncorrelated between neurons. Knowledge of the limited time scale of correlation allowed the derivation of a more efficient metric for spike count correlation based on spike timing information, and it also revealed a potential relative advantage of larger neuronal pools for shorter integration times. Finally, correlation did not depend on the presence of the visual stimulus or the behavioral choice of the animal. It varied little with stimulus condition but was stronger between neurons with similar direction tuning curves. Taken together, our results strengthen the view that common input, common stimulus selectivity, and common noise are tightly linked in functioning cortical circuits.", } @Article{bajcsy:ieee88, author = "R. Bajcsy", title = "Active Perception", journal = "Proceedings of the {IEEE}", volume = 78, year = 1988, pages = "996--1005", url = "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/291/00005968.pdf", } @InCollection{baldi:pmnst98, author = "P. Baldi", title = "Probabilistic Models of Neuronal Spike Trains", booktitle = "Adaptive Processing of Sequences and Data Structures: {I}nternational Summer School on Neural Networks, ``{E}. {R}. {C}aianiello'' --- {T}utorial Lectures", editor = "C. L. Giles and M. Gori", publisher = "Springer", address = "Berlin", series = "Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 1387", year = 1998, pages = "198--228", abstract = " This chapter looks at time series associated with neuronal signals. It provides a brief overview of some of the main problems and applications in this area, and develops a general probabilistic approach for the study of spike trains. Because neuronal spikes are viewed as binary events, our approach falls within the general area of discrete time series modeling and analysis. The methodology borrows ideas from, and can be generalized to, other problems in such diverse areas as speech, text, and biomolecular sequences. Understanding the language of spike trains is of course fundamental to neuroscience. Neuronal spike trains are notoriously variable and ``noisy'', and must therefore be modeled in probabilistic terms. Probabilistic models of spike trains are essential when considering issues of information codindg and signal to noise ratio in nervous systems [36], [35], [27], [13] and in filtering raw recording data [23]. Such models are needed to compute spike data likelihoods, and rigorously compare alternative hypothesis. Both roles are becoming more and more predominant, with the advent of large scale multi unit recording, the rapid growth of spike train and other neurophysiological data bases, and the development of complex neuronal models, such as compartmental models [10], [5]. Here we first motivate the problematic by looking specifically at two of the main techniques used by neuroscientists: multi unit recording, and compartmental modeling. We then briefly review the general Bayesian framework for inference and probabilistic modeling. Probabilisic models of spike trains of increasing complexity are introduced and demonstrated in the following Sections.", } @Article{baldi:nc90, author = "Pierre Baldi and Ronny Meir", title = "Computing with Arrays of Coupled Oscillators: {A}n Application to Preattentive Texture Discrimination", journal = "Neural Computation", volume = 2, year = 1990, pages = "458--471", } @Article{ballard:ai91, author = "D. H. Ballard", title = "Animate Vision", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = 48, year = 1991, pages = "57--86", } @Article{ballard:bbs97, author = "Dana H. Ballard and Mary M. Hayhoe and Polly K. Pook and Rajesh P. N. Rao", title = "Deictic Codes for the Embodiment of Cognition", journal = "Behavioral and Brain Sciences", year = 1997, volume = 20, pages = "723--767", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10097009", abstract = "To describe phenomena that occur at different time scales, computational models of the brain must incorporate different levels of abstraction. At time scales of approximately 1/3 of a second, orienting movements of the body play a crucial role in cognition and form a useful computational level--more abstract than that used to capture natural phenomena but less abstract than what is traditionally used to study high-level cognitive processes such as reasoning. At this 'embodiment level,' the constraints of the physical system determine the nature of cognitive operations. The key synergy is that at time scales of about 1/3 of a second, the natural sequentiality of body movements can be matched to the natural computational economies of sequential decision systems through a system of implicit reference called deictic in which pointing movements are used to bind objects in the world to cognitive programs. This target article focuses on how deictic binding make it possible to perform natural tasks. Deictic computation provides a mechanism for representing the essential features that link external sensory data with internal cognitive programs and motor actions. One of the central features of cognition, working memory, can be related to moment-by-moment dispositions of body features such as eye movements and hand movements.", } @Article{banks:jexpcp81, author = "M. S. Banks and P. Salapatek", title = "Infant Pattern Vision: {A} New Approach Based on the Contrast Sensitivity Function", journal = "Journal of Experimental Child Psychology", volume = 31, number = 1, pages = "1--45", year = 1981, month = feb, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=7217886", } @Article{barker:lancet85, author = "A. T. Barker and R. Jalinous and I. L. Freeston", title = "Non-invasive Magnetic Stimulation of Human Motor Cortex", journal = "Lancet", volume = 1, year = 1985, pages = "1106--1107", url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL\&_udi=B6VNP-484VM43-8\&_coverDate=05\%2F31\%2F2003\&_alid=108373895\&_rdoc=1\&_fmt=\&_orig=search\&_qd=1\&_cdi=6184\&_sort=d\&view=c\&_acct=C000049198\&_version=1\&_urlVersion=0\&_userid=952835\&md5=bcb6d59afa32a794d221178bcdfbb76a", } @Article{barlow:single, author = "H. B. Barlow", title = "Single Units and Sensation: {A} Neuron Doctrine for Perceptual Psychology?", journal = "Perception", year = 1972, volume = 1, pages = "371--394", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=4377168", } @Article{barlow:bartlett, author = "H. B. Barlow", title = "The Twelfth {B}artlett Memorial Lecture: {T}he Role of Single Neurons in the Psychology of Perception", journal = "The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology", year = 1985, volume = "37A", pages = "121--145", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=2991994", } @Article{barlow:unsupervised, author = "H. B. Barlow", title = "Unsupervised Learning", journal = "Neural Computation", year = 1989, volume = 1, pages = "295--311", } @InCollection{barlow:aftereffects, author = "Horace B. Barlow", title = "A Theory About the Functional Role and Synaptic Mechanism of Visual After-Effects", booktitle = "Vision: {C}oding and Efficiency", year = 1990, editor = "Colin Blakemore", publisher = "Cambridge University Press", address = "Cambridge, UK", pages = "363--375", } @InCollection{barlow:lsntb94, author = "Horace B. Barlow", title = "What Is the Computational Goal of the Neocortex?", pages = "1--22", booktitle = "Large Scale Neuronal Theories of the Brain", publisher = "MIT Press", year = 1994, editor = "Cristof Koch and Joel L. Davis", address = "Cambridge, MA", } @InCollection{barlow:comneuron89, author = "Horace B. Barlow and Peter F{\"o}ldi{\'a}k", title = "Adaptation and Decorrelation in the Cortex", booktitle = "The Computing Neuron", year = 1989, editor = "R. Durbin and C. Miall and G. Mitchison", publisher = "Addison-Wesley", address = "Reading, MA", pages = "54--72", } @Article{barnard:ieeetip02, author = "Kobus Barnard and Vlad Cardei and Brian Funt", title = "A Comparison of Computational Color Constancy Algorithms---Part {I}: {M}ethodology and Experiments with Synthesized Data", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Image Processing", year = 2002, volume = 11, pages = "972--984", } @InProceedings{barrow:icann92, author = "H. G. Barrow and Alistair J. Bray", title = "An Adaptive Neural Model of Early Visual Processing", booktitle = "Artificial Neural Networks, 2: {P}roceedings of the 1992 International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks", year = 1992, pages = "881--884", editor = "I. Aleksander and J. G. Taylor", publisher = "North-Holland", address = "Amsterdam", } @Article{bartlett:tnn02, author = "M. S. Bartlett and J. R. Movellan and T. J. Sejnowski", title = "Face Recognition by Independent Component Analysis", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks", volume = 13, year = 2002, pages = "1450--1464", url = "http://mplab.ucsd.edu/projects-home/project1/publications/pdfs/c-BartlettMovellanSejnowski2002-4.pdf", } @InProceedings{bartlett:nips96, author = "Marian Stewart Bartlett and Terrence J. Sejnowski", title = "Viewpoint Invariant Face Recognition Using Independent Component Analysis and Attractor Networks", pages = "817--823", booktitle = "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 9", year = 1997, editor = "Michael C. Mozer and Michael I. Jordan and Thomas Petsche", publisher = "Cambridge, MA: MIT Press", url = "ftp://ftp.ci.tuwien.ac.at/pub/texmf/bibtex/nips-9.bib", url = "http://www.cnl.salk.edu/~marni/publications.html", } @Article{bartlett:network98, author = "Marian Stewart Bartlett and Terrence J. Sejnowski", title = "Learning Viewpoint-Invariant Face Representations from Visual Experience in an Attractor Network", journal = "Network: {C}omputation in Neural Systems", volume = 9, number = 3, pages = "399--417", year = 1998, month = aug, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9861998", abstract = "In natural visual experience, different views of an object or face tend to appear in close temporal proximity as an animal manipulates the object or navigates around it, or as a face changes expression or pose. A set of simulations is presented which demonstrate how viewpoint-invariant representations of faces can be developed from visual experience by capturing the temporal relationships among the input patterns. The simulations explored the interaction of temporal smoothing of activity signals with Hebbian learning in both a feedforward layer and a second, recurrent layer of a network. The feedforward connections were trained by competitive Hebbian learning with temporal smoothing of the post-synaptic unit activities. The recurrent layer was a generalization of a Hopfield network with a low-pass temporal filter on all unit activities. The combination of basic Hebbian learning with temporal smoothing of unit activities produced an attractor network learning rule that associated temporally proximal input patterns into basins of attraction. These two mechanisms were demonstrated in a model that took grey-level images of faces as input. Following training on image sequences of faces as they changed pose, multiple views of a given face fell into the same basin of attraction, and the system acquired representations of faces that were approximately viewpoint-invariant.", } @InCollection{bartlett:braintheory03, author = "P. L. Bartlett and W. Maass", title = "Vapnik--{C}hervonenkis Dimension of Neural Nets", booktitle = "The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "Cambridge, MA", edition = "Second", year = 2003, editor = "Michael A. Arbib", pages = "1188--1192", url = "http://www.igi.tugraz.at/maass/psfiles/139.pdf", } @Article{bartrip:bjdp01, title = "Responses to Mother's Face in 3-Week to 5-Month-Old Infants", author = "Jon Bartrip and John Morton and Scania de Schonen", journal = "British Journal of Developmental Psychology", volume = 19, issue = 2, year = 2001, pages = "219--232", url = "http://pippo.catchword.com/vl=1927580/cl=17/nw=1/fm=docpdf/rpsv/catchword/bpsoc/0261510x/v19n2/s4/p219", } @Article{bartsch:bc01, author = "A. P. Bartsch and J. L. van Hemmen", title = "Combined {H}ebbian Development of Geniculocortical and Lateral Connectivity in a Model of Primary Visual Cortex", journal = "Biological Cybernetics", volume = 84, year = 2001, pages = "41--55", url = "http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00422/bibs/1084001/10840041.htm", abstract = "We present a network model of visual map development in layer 4 of primary visual cortex. Our model comprises excitatory and inhibitory spiking neurons. The input to the network consists of correlated spike trains to mimick the activity of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). An activity-driven Hebbian learning mechanism governs the development of both the network's lateral connectivity and feedforward projections from LGN to cortex. Plasticity of inhibitory synapses has been included into the model so as to control overall cortical activity. Even without feedforward input, Hebbian modification of the excitatory lateral connections can lead to the development of an intracortical orientation map. We have found that such an intracortical map can guide the development of feedforward connections from LGN to cortical simple cells so that the structure of the final feedforward orientation map is predetermined by the intracortical map. In a scenario in which left- and right-eye geniculocortical inputs develop sequentially one after the other, the resulting maps are therefore very similar, provided the intracortical connectivity remains unaltered. This may explain the outcome of so-called reverse lid-suture experiments, where animals are reared so that both eyes never receive input at the same time, but the orientation maps measured separately for the two eyes are nevertheless nearly identical.", } @Article{basole:nature03, title = "Mapping Multiple Features in the Population Response of Visual Cortex", author = "A. Basole and L. E. White and D. Fitzpatrick", journal = "Nature", volume = 424, number = 6943, pages = "986--990", year = 2003, url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01721", abstract = "Stimulus features such as edge orientation, motion direction and spatial frequency are thought to be encoded in the primary visual cortex by overlapping feature maps arranged so that the location of neurons activated by a particular combination of stimulus features can be predicted from the intersections of these maps. This view is based on the use of grating stimuli, which limit the range of stimulus combinations that can be examined. We used optical imaging of intrinsic signals in ferrets to assess patterns of population activity evoked by the motion of a texture (a field of iso-oriented bars). Here we show that the same neural population can be activated by multiple combinations of orientation, length, motion axis and speed. Rather than reflecting the intersection of multiple maps, our results indicate that population activity in primary visual cortex is better described as a single map of spatiotemporal energy. ", } @Article{bauer:network97, title = "Analysis of Ocular Dominance Pattern Formation in a High-Dimensional Self-Organizing-Map Model", author = "Hans-Ulrich Bauer and D. Brockmann and Theo Geisel", journal = "Network: {C}omputation in Neural Systems", volume = 8, pages = "17--33", year = 1997, url = "http://stacks.iop.org/0954-898X/8/17", abstract = "Using a distortion measure for the states emerging in self-organizing maps (SOMs) we mathematically analyse a recently proposed high-dimensional map formation model for ocular dominance patterns. We calculate critical values of parameters for ocular dominance states to occur, and we determine how the pattern layout depends on these parameters. The analysis reveals an increase of ocular dominance bandwidth with decreasing correlation, consistent with a recently observed increase of bandwidth in strabismic cats. In subsequent simulations these analytical results are corroborated, irrespective of the specific normalization procedure (multiplicative or subtractive) employed in the simulations.", } @Article{bauer:ieetnn97, author = "Hans-Ulrich Bauer and Thomas Villman", title = "Growing a Hypercubical Output Space in a Self-Organizing Feature Map", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks", year = 1997, pages = "218--226", } @Article{bauman:inhibitory, author = "L. A. Bauman and A. B. Bonds", title = "Inhibitory Refinement of Spatial Frequency Selectivity in Single Cells of the Cat Striate Cortex", journal = "Vision Research", year = 1991, volume = 31, number = 6, pages = "933--944", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=1858324", abstract = "Single cells in the cat striate cortex are more selective for the spatial frequency of sinewave grating stimuli than are cells of the retina or lateral geniculate nucleus. We have explored the possibility that this enhancement of selectivity results from spatial-frequency-selective inhibition. Stimulation with two superimposed gratings, one to excite the cell and one to prove for inhibition, revealed spatial frequency-dependent response suppression in 74\% of the total population studied. Suppression was slightly more prevalent in simple cells (80\%) than in complex cells (68\%). In 93\% of the cases where suppression was found, its tuning was complementary to excitatory spatial frequency tuning, and the strongest suppression was usually found where the excitatory tuning function approached zero imp./sec. Characteristics of the phenomenon were independent of cortical layers. We conclude that organized inhibitory mechanisms serve to refine the spatial frequency bandpass of striate cortical cells. This provides evidence for another degree of nonlinearity in the organization of cortical receptive fields and supports the hypothesis that a fundamental function of the visual cortex is image dissection in the domain of spatial frequency.", } @Article{beaudot:vres02, author = "W. H. A. Beaudot", title = "Role of Onset Synchrony in Contour Integration", journal = "Vision Research", volume = 42, year = 2002, pages = "1--9", } @Book{bechtel:book02, author = "William Bechtel and Adele Abrahamsen", title = "Connectionism and the Mind: {P}arallel Processing, Dynamics, and Evolution in Networks", publisher = "Blackwell", address = "Oxford, UK", year = 2002, edition = "Second", } @PhdThesis{becker:phd, author = "Suzanna Becker", title = "An Information-Theoretic Unsupervised Learning Algorithm for Neural Networks", school = "Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto", year = 1992, address = "Toronto, Canada", } @MastersThesis{bednar:ms97, author = "James A. Bednar", title = "Tilt Aftereffects in a Self-Organizing Model of the Primary Visual Cortex", school = "Department of Computer Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin", address = "Austin, TX", year = 1997, aliases = "bednar:aitr97", note = "Technical Report AI97-259", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?bednar:ms97", } @Article{bednar:bbs00, author = "James A. Bednar", title = "Internally Generated Activity, Non-Episodic Memory, and Emotional Salience in Sleep", journal = "Behavioral and Brain Sciences", year = 2000, volume = 23, note = "Commentary on the \emph{Sleep and Dreaming} issue.", pages = "908--909", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?bednar:bbs00", } @PhdThesis{bednar:phd02, author = "James A. Bednar", title = "Learning to See: {G}enetic and Environmental Influences on Visual Development", school = "Department of Computer Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin", address = "Austin, TX", year = 2002, note = "Technical Report AI-TR-02-294", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?bednar:phd02", } @Article{bednar:neuroinformatics04, author = "James A. Bednar and Amol Kelkar and Risto Miikkulainen", title = "Scaling Self-Organizing Maps to Model Large Cortical Networks", journal = "Neuroinformatics", year = 2004, volume = 2, pages = "275--302", aliases = "bednar:nn02", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?bednar:neuroinformatics04", abstract = "Self-organizing computational models with specific intracortical connections can explain many functional features of visual cortex, such as topographic orientation and ocular dominance maps. However, due to their computational requirements, it is difficult to use such detailed models to study large-scale phenomenal like object segmentation and binding, object recognition, tilt illusions, optic flow, and fovea-periphery differences. This article introduces two techniques that make large simulations practical. First, we show how parameter scaling equations can be derived for laterally connected self-organizing models. These equations result in quantitatively equivalent maps over a wide range of simulation sizes, making it possible to debug small simulations and then scale them up only when needed. Parameter scaling also allows detailed comparison of biological maps and parameters between individuals and species with different brain region sizes. Second, we use parameter scaling to implement a new growing map method called GLISSOM, which dramatically reduces the memory and computational requirements of large self-organizing networks. With GLISSOM, it should be possible to simulate all of human V1 at the single-column level using current desktop workstations. We are using these techniques to develop a new simulator Topographica, which will help make it practical to perform detailed studies of large-scale phenomena in topographic maps.", } @InProceedings{bednar:cns97, author = "James A. Bednar and Risto Miikkulainen", title = "Pattern-Generator-Driven Development in Self-Organizing Models", editor = "J. M. Bower", booktitle = "Computational Neuroscience: {T}rends in Research, 1998", publisher = "New York: Plenum Press", year = 1998, site = "Big Sky, MT", pages = "317--323", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?bednar:cns97", } @InProceedings{bednar:aaai00, author = "James A. Bednar and Risto Miikkulainen", title = "Self-Organization of Innate Face Preferences: {C}ould Genetics Be Expressed Through Learning?", booktitle = "{P}roceedings of the 17th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence and the 12th Annual Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence", year = 2000, site = "Austin, TX", publisher = "AAAI Press", address = "Menlo Park, CA", pages = "117--122", aliases = "bednar:nips99,bednar:aaai2000", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?bednar:aaai00", } @Article{bednar:nc00, author = "James A. Bednar and Risto Miikkulainen", title = "Tilt Aftereffects in a Self-Organizing Model of the Primary Visual Cortex", journal = "Neural Computation", year = 2000, volume = 12, number = 7, pages = "1721--1740", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?bednar:nc00", aliases = "bednar:nc99,bednar:nc2000", abstract = "RF-LISSOM, a self-organizing model of laterally connected orientation maps in the primary visual cortex, was used to study the psychological phenomenon known as the tilt aftereffect. The same self-organizing processes that are responsible for the long-term development of the map are shown to result in tilt aftereffects over short timescales in the adult. The model permits simultaneous observation of large numbers of neurons and connections, making it possible to relate high-level phenomena to low-level events, which is difficult to do experimentally. The results give detailed computational support for the long-standing conjecture that the direct tilt aftereffect arises from adaptive lateral interactions between feature detectors. They also make a new prediction that the indirect effect results from the normalization of synaptic efficacies during this process. The model thus provides a unified computational explanation of self-organization and both the direct and indirect tilt aftereffect in the primary visual cortex.", } @Article{bednar:nc03, author = "James A. Bednar and Risto Miikkulainen", title = "Learning Innate Face Preferences", year = 2003, journal = "Neural Computation", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?bednar:nc03", volume = 15, number = 7, pages = "1525--1557", aliases = "bednar:nc02", abstract = "Newborn humans preferentially orient to facelike patterns at birth, but months of experience with faces are required for full face processing abilities to develop. Several models have been proposed for how the interaction of genetic and environmental influences can explain these data. These models generally assume that the brain areas responsible for newborn orienting responses are not capable of learning and are physically separate from those that later learn from real faces. However, it has been difficult to reconcile these models with recent discoveries of face learning in newborns and young infants. We propose a general mechanism by which genetically specified and environment-driven preferences can coexist in the same visual areas. In particular, newborn face orienting may be the result of prenatal exposure of a learning system to internally generated input patterns, such as those found in PGO waves during REM sleep. Simulating this process with the HLISSOM biological model of the visual system, we demonstrate that the combination of learning and internal patterns is an efficient way to specify and develop circuitry for face perception. This prenatal learning can account for the newborn preferences for schematic and photographic images of faces, providing a computational explanation for how genetic influences interact with experience to construct a complex adaptive system.", } @Article{bednar:neurocomputing03, author = "James A. Bednar and Risto Miikkulainen", title = "Self-Organization of Spatiotemporal Receptive Fields and Laterally Connected Direction and Orientation Maps", journal = "Neurocomputing", year = 2003, pages = "473--480", volume = "52--54", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?bednar:neurocomputing03", } @InCollection{bednar:neuroconstructivism06, author = "James A. Bednar and Risto Miikkulainen", title = "Constructing Visual Function Through Prenatal and Postnatal Learning", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?bednar:neuroconstructivism04", editor = "Denis Mareschal and Mark H. Johnson and Sylvain Sirois and Michael Spratling and Michael S. C. Thomas and Gert Westermann", booktitle = "Neuroconstructivism, {V}ol.~2: {P}erspectives and Prospects", publisher = "Oxford University Press", address = "Oxford, UK", aliases = "bednar:neuroconstructivism04", year = 2006, note = "In press", annote = "[ 2/19/06: 2006 is the correct year ]", } @Article{beer:tics00, author = "Randall D. Beer", title = "Dynamical Approaches to Cognitive Science", journal = "Trends in Cognitive Sciences", volume = 4, year = 2000, pages = "91--99", url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg\&_imagekey=B6VH9-3YRVB14-C-N\&_cdi=6061\&_orig=browse\&_coverDate=03\%2F01\%2F2000\&_sk=999959996\&view=c\&wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkWz\&_acct=C000049198\&_version=1\&_userid=952835\&md5=87da4d39e4d8b78674d68c0cb5505d7d\&ie=f.pdf", abstract = "Dynamical ideas are beginning to have a major impact on cognitive science, from foundational debates to daily practice. In this article, I review three contrasting examples of work in this area that address the lexical and grammatical structure of language, Piaget's classic 'A-not-B' error, and active categorical perception in an embodied, situated agent. From these three examples, I then attempt to articulate the major differences between dynamical approaches and more traditional symbolic and connectionist approaches. Although the three models reviewed here vary considerably in their details, they share a focus on the unfolding trajectory of a system's state and the internal and external forces that shape this trajectory, rather than the representational content of its constituent states or the underlying physical mechanisms that instantiate the dynamics. In some work, this dynamical viewpoint is augmented with a situated and embodied perspective on cognition, forming a promising unified theoretical framework for cognitive science broadly construed.", } @Article{bell:vres97, author = "Anthony J. Bell and Terrence J. Sejnowski", title = "The ``Independent Components'' of Natural Scenes Are Edge Filters", journal = "Vision Research", volume = 37, year = 1997, pages = 3327, url = "http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/bell97independent.html", abstract = "It has previously been suggested that neurons with line and edge selectivities found in primary visual cortex of cats and monkeys form a sparse, distributed representation of natural scenes, and it has been reasoned that such responses should emerge from an unsupervised learning algorithm that attempts to find a factorial code of independent visual features. We show here that a new unsupervised learning algorithm based on information maximization, a nonlinear 'infomax' network, when applied to an ensemble of natural scenes produces sets of visual filters that are localized and oriented. Some of these filters are Gabor-like and resemble those produced by the sparseness-maximization network. In addition, the outputs of these filters are as independent as possible, since this infomax network performs Independent Components Analysis or ICA, for sparse (super-gaussian) component distributions. We compare the resulting ICA filters and their associated basis functions, with other decorrelating filters produced by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and zero-phase whitening filters (ZCA). The ICA filters have more sparsely distributed (kurtotic) outputs on natural scenes. They also resemble the receptive fields of simple cells in visual cortex, which suggests that these neurons form a natural, information-theoretic coordinate system for natural images.", } @Article{benhur:jmlr01, author = "Asa Ben-Hur and David Horn and Hava T. Siegelmann and Vladimir Vapnik", title = "Support Vector Clustering", journal = "Journal of Machine Learning Research", year = 2001, volume = 2, pages = "125--137", } @Article{benshahar:nc04, author = "Ohad Ben-Shahar and Steven W. Zucker", title = "Geometrical Computations Explain Projection Patterns of Long-Range Horizontal Connections in Visual Cortex", journal = "Neural Computation", volume = 16, year = 2004, pages = "445--476", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=15006089", abstract = "Neurons in primary visual cortex respond selectively to oriented stimuli such as edges and lines. The long-range horizontal connections between them are thought to facilitate contour integration. While many physiological and psychophysical findings suggest that collinear or association field models of good continuation dictate particular projection patterns of horizontal connections to guide this integration process, significant evidence of interactions inconsistent with these hypotheses is accumulating. We first show that natural random variations around the collinear and association field models cannot account for these inconsistencies, a fact that motivates the search for more principled explanations. We then develop a model of long-range projection fields that formalizes good continuation based on differential geometry. The analysis implicates curvature(s) in a fundamental way, and the resulting model explains both consistent data and apparent outliers. It quantitatively predicts the (typically ignored) spread in projection distribution, its nonmonotonic variance, and the differences found among individual neurons. Surprisingly, and for the first time, this model also indicates that texture (and shading) continuation can serve as alternative and complementary functional explanations to contour integration. Because current anatomical data support both (curve and texture) integration models equally and because both are important computationally, new testable predictions are derived to allow their differentiation and identification.", } @Article{benyishai:pnas95, author = "R. Ben-Yishai and R. L. Bar-Or and H. Sompolinsky", title = "Theory of Orientation Tuning in Visual Cortex", journal = "{P}roceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, {USA}", volume = 92, year = 1995, pages = "3844--3848", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=7731993", abstract = "The role of intrinsic cortical connections in processing sensory input and in generating behavioral output is poorly understood. We have examined this issue in the context of the tuning of neuronal responses in cortex to the orientation of a visual stimulus. We analytically study a simple network model that incorporates both orientation-selective input from the lateral geniculate nucleus and orientation-specific cortical interactions. Depending on the model parameters, the network exhibits orientation selectivity that originates from within the cortex, by a symmetry-breaking mechanism. In this case, the width of the orientation tuning can be sharp even if the lateral geniculate nucleus inputs are only weakly anisotropic. By using our model, several experimental consequences of this cortical mechanism of orientation tuning are derived. The tuning width is relatively independent of the contrast and angular anisotropy of the visual stimulus. The transient population response to changing of the stimulus orientation exhibits a slow 'virtual rotation.' Neuronal cross-correlations exhibit long time tails, the sign of which depends on the preferred orientations of the cells and the stimulus orientation.", } @Article{berkley:vres93, author = "M. A. Berkley and Bart Debruyn and Guy Orban", title = "Illusory, Motion, and Luminance-Defined Contours Interact in the Human Visual System", journal = "Vision Research", year = 1993, volume = 34, number = 2, pages = "209--216", } @Article{berns:pnas93, issn = "0027-8424", title = "A Correlational Model for the Development of Disparity Selectivity in Visual Cortex That Depends on Prenatal and Postnatal Phases", author = "G. S. Berns and P. Dayan and T. J. Sejnowski", journal = "{P}roceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, {USA}", volume = 90, number = 17, pages = "8277--81", year = 1993, url = "http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/90/17/8277.pdf", abstract = "Neurons in the visual cortex require correlated binocular activity during a critical period early in life to develop normal response properties. We present a model for how the disparity selectivity of cortical neurons might arise during development. The model is based on Hebbian mechanisms for plasticity at synapses between geniculocortical neurons and cortical cells. The model is driven by correlated activity in retinal ganglion cells within each eye before birth and additionally between eyes after birth. With no correlations present between the eyes, the cortical model developed only monocular cells. Adding a small amount of correlation between eyes at the beginning of development produced cortical neurons that were entirely binocular and tuned to zero disparity. However, if an initial phase of purely same-eye correlations was followed by a second phase of development that included correlations between eyes, the cortical model became populated with both monocular and binocular cells. Moreover, in the two-phase model, binocular cells tended to be selective for zero disparity, whereas the more monocular cells tended to have nonzero disparity. This relationship between ocular dominance and disparity has been observed in the visual cortex of the cat by other workers. Differences in the relative timing of the two developmental phases could account for the higher proportion of monocular cells found in the visual cortices of other animals.", } @Article{beyer:nc02, author = "Hans-Georg Beyer and Hans-Paul Schwefel", title = "Evolution Strategies: {A} Comprehensive Introduction", journal = "Natural Computing", year = 2002, volume = 1, pages = "3--52", } @Article{bienenstock:theory, author = "E. L. Bienenstock and L. N. Cooper and P. W. Munro", title = "Theory for the Development of Neuron Selectivity: {O}rientation Specificity and Binocular Interaction in Visual Cortex", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", year = 1982, volume = 2, pages = "32--48", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=7054394", abstract = "The development of stimulus selectivity in the primary sensory cortex of higher vertebrates is considered in a general mathematical framework. A synaptic evolution scheme of a new kind is proposed in which incoming patterns rather than converging afferents compete. The change in the efficacy of a given synapse depends not only on instantaneous pre- and postsynaptic activities but also on a slowly varying time-averaged value of the postsynaptic activity. Assuming an appropriate nonlinear form for this dependence, development of selectivity is obtained under quite general conditions on the sensory environment. One does not require nonlinearity of the neuron's integrative power nor does one need to assume any particular form for intracortical circuitry. This is first illustrated in simple cases, e.g., when the environment consists of only two different stimuli presented alternately in a random manner. The following formal statement then holds: the state of the system converges with probability 1 to points of maximum selectivity in the state space. We next consider the problem of early development of orientation selectivity and binocular interaction in primary visual cortex. Giving the environment an appropriate form, we obtain orientation tuning curves and ocular dominance comparable to what is observed in normally reared adult cats or monkeys. Simulations with binocular input and various types of normal or altered environments show good agreement with the relevant experimental data. Experiments are suggested that could test our theory further.", } @Article{binzegger:jn04, author = "Tom Binzegger and Rodney J. Douglas and Kevan A. C. Martin", title = "A Quantitative Map of the Circuit of Cat Primary Visual Cortex", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 24, year = 2004, pages = "8441--8453", url = "http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/24/39/8441", abstract = "We developed a quantitative description of the circuits formed in cat area 17 by estimating the 'weight' of the projections between different neuronal types. To achieve this, we made three-dimensional reconstructions of 39 single neurons and thalamic afferents labeled with horseradish peroxidase during intracellular recordings in vivo. These neurons served as representatives of the different types and provided the morphometrical data about the laminar distribution of the dendritic trees and synaptic boutons and the number of synapses formed by a given type of neuron. Extensive searches of the literature provided the estimates of numbers of the different neuronal types and their distribution across the cortical layers. Applying the simplification that synapses between different cell types are made in proportion to the boutons and dendrites that those cell types contribute to the neuropil in a given layer, we were able to estimate the probable source and number of synapses made between neurons in the six layers. The predicted synaptic maps were quantitatively close to the estimates derived from the experimental electron microscopic studies for the case of the main sources of excitatory and inhibitory input to the spiny stellate cells, which form a major target of layer 4 afferents. The map of the whole cortical circuit shows that there are very few 'strong' but many 'weak' excitatory projections, each of which may involve only a few percentage of the total complement of excitatory synapses of a single neuron.", } @Article{bishop:nc98, author = "Christopher M. Bishop and Markus Svens{\'e}n and Christopher K. I. Williams", title = "{GTM}: {T}he Generative Topographic Mapping", journal = "Neural Computation", volume = 10, year = 1998, pages = "215--234", } @Article{bisley:an03, title = "The Role of the Parietal Cortex in the Neural Processing of Saccadic Eye Movements", author = "J. W. Bisley and M. E. Goldberg", journal = "Advances in Neurology", volume = 93, pages = "141--157", year = 2003, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=12894406", abstract = "The lateral intraparietal area has a signal that describes a saccade target, maintains the memory of a saccade plan during a delay, and describes the saccade itself. It is unlikely, however, that this signal generates a plan for the saccade, because most neurons with this delayed saccade activity also respond, sometimes more strongly, to salient stimuli that are unlikely to be saccade targets. Instead, it is more likely that this saccadic signal performs two functions unrelated to saccade planning itself. The first function is to contribute to a salience map: it is well known that attention is located at the goal of a saccadic eye movement, and recent experiments detailed here show that the attentional advantage of the saccade goal is [figure: see text] maintained throughout the delay period of a memory-guided saccade. The saccade signal, presumably driven by the frontal eye fields or other prefrontal cortical areas, informs the salience map of a saccade plan, and therefore renders the goal of the saccade a salient location for attentional processes and, possibly, to provide targets for future saccades. The second function is to use the saccade signal to provide information by which the parietal cortex can update the visual representation to compensate for an eye movement, thus maintaining a spatially accurate vector map of the visual world despite a moving eye.", } @InProceedings{blackmore:ml95, author = "Justine Blackmore and Risto Miikkulainen", title = "Visualizing High-Dimensional Structure with the Incremental Grid Growing Neural Network", booktitle = "Machine Learning: {P}roceedings of the 12th Annual Conference", editor = "Armand Prieditis and Stuart Russell", publisher = "San Francisco: Kaufmann", year = 1995, pages = "55--63", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?blackmore:ml95", } @Article{blais:nc00, author = "Brian S. Blais and Leon N. Cooper and Harel Z. Shouval", title = "Formation of Direction Selectivity in Natural Scene Environments", journal = "Neural Computation", year = 2000, volume = 12, pages = "1057--1066", url = "http://cherubino.catchword.com/vl=3426019/cl=31/nw=1/rpsv/cgi-bin/cgi?body=linker\&ini=nlm\&reqidx=issn=0899-7667vl=12is=5yr=2000mn=Maypg=1057", abstract = "Most simple and complex cells in the cat striate cortex are both orientation and direction selective. In this article we use single-cell learning rules to develop both orientation and direction selectivity in a natural scene environment. We show that a simple principal component analysis rule is inadequate for developing direction selectivity, but that the BCM rule as well as similar higher-order rules can. We also demonstrate that the convergence of lagged and nonlagged cells depends on the velocity of motion in the environment, and that strobe rearing disrupts this convergence, resulting in a loss of direction selectivity.", } @Book{av92, editor = "A. Blake and A. L. Yuille", title = "Active Vision", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "Cambridge, MA", year = 1992, } @Article{blakemore:nature71, author = "Colin Blakemore and R. H. S. Carpenter", title = "Lateral Thinking About Lateral Inhibition", journal = "Nature", year = 1971, volume = 234, pages = "418--419", } @Article{blakemore:inhibition, author = "Colin Blakemore and R. H. S. Carpenter and M. A. Georgeson", title = "Lateral Inhibition Between Orientation Detectors in the Human Visual System", journal = "Nature", year = 1970, volume = 228, pages = "37--39", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=5456209", } @Article{blakemore:development, author = "Colin Blakemore and G. F. Cooper", title = "Development of the Brain Depends on the Visual Environment", journal = "Nature", year = 1970, volume = 228, pages = "477--478", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=5482506", } @Article{blakemore:innate, author = "Colin Blakemore and R. C. van Sluyters", title = "Innate and Environmental Factors in the Development of the Kitten's Visual Cortex", journal = "The Journal of Physiology", year = 1975, volume = 248, pages = "663--716", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=1151843", abstract = "1. This is a study of the receptive fields of 771 cells recorded in the visual cortex of twenty-five kittens reared normally or subjected to various kinds of visual deprivation or environmental manipulation. 2. Kittens deprived of patterned visual experience, by dark rearing or diffuse occlusion of the eyes, have a majority of cirtical neurones with little or no specificity for the orientation or axis of movement of visual stimuli. However, in such deprived animals, especially those younger than 3 weeks, there are a number of genuinely orientation selective cells. They are broadly 'turned' (by adult standards), they are almost always of the simple type, are heavily dominated by one eye, and are found mainly in the deeper layers of the cortex, especially layer IV. 3...", } @Article{blasdel:differential, author = "Gary G. Blasdel", title = "Differential Imaging of Ocular Dominance Columns and Orientation Selectivity in Monkey Striate Cortex", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", year = 1992, month = "August", volume = 12, pages = "3115--3138", url = "http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/12/8/3115", urlfull = "http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/reprint/12/8/3115", } @Article{blasdel:orientation, author = "Gary G. Blasdel", title = "Orientation Selectivity, Preference, and Continuity in Monkey Striate Cortex", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", year = 1992, month = "August", volume = 12, pages = "3139--3161", url = "http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/12/8/3139", urlfull = "http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/reprint/12/8/3139", abstract = "Maps of orientation preference and selectivity, inferred from differential images of orientation (Blasdel, 1992), reveal linear organizations in patches, 0.5-1.0 mm across, where orientation selectivities are high, and where preferred orientations rotate linearly along one axis while remaining constant along the other. Most of these linear zones lie between the centers of adjacent ocular dominance columns, with their short iso-orientation slabs oriented perpendicular, in regions enjoying the greatest binocular overlap. These two-dimensional linear zones are segregated by one- and zero-dimensional discontinuities that are particularly abundant in the centers of ocular dominance columns, and that are also correlated with cytochrome oxidase-rich zones within them. Discontinuities smaller than 90 degrees extend in one dimension, as fractures, while discontinuities greater than 90 degrees are confined to points, in the form of singularities, that are generated when orientation preferences rotate continuously through +/- 180 degrees along circular paths. The continuous rotations through 180 degrees imply that direction preferences are not organized laterally in striate cortex. And they also ensure that preferences for all orientations converge at each singularity, with perpendicular orientations represented uniquely close together on opposite sides. The periodic interspersing of linear zones and singularities suggests that orientation preferences are organized by at least two competing schemes. They are optimized for linearity, along with selectivity and binocularity, in the linear zones, and they are optimized for density near singularities. Since upper-layer neurons are likely to have similarly sized dendritic fields in all regions (Lund and Yoshioka, 1991), those in the linear zones should receive precise information about narrowly constrained orientations, while those near singularities should receive coarse information about all orientations--very different inputs that suggest different perceptual functions.", } @Article{blasdel:visneuro95, title = "Organization of Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns in the Striate Cortex of Neonatal Macaque Monkeys", author = "Gary G. Blasdel and Klaus Obermayer and L. Kiorpes", journal = "Visual Neuroscience", volume = 12, number = 3, pages = "589--603", year = 1995, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=7654611", abstract = "Previous work has shown that small, stimulus-dependent changes in light absorption can be used to monitor cortical activity, and to provide detailed maps of ocular dominance and optimal stimulus orientation in the striate cortex of adult macaque monkeys (Blasdel & Salama, 1986; Ts'o et al., 1990). We now extend this approach to infant animals, in which we find many of the organizational features described previously in adults, including patch-like linear zones, singularities, and fractures (Blasdel, 1992b), in animals as young as 3 1/2 weeks of age. Indeed, the similarities between infant and adult patterns are more compelling than expected. Patterns of ocular dominance and orientation, for example, show many of the correlations described previously in adults, including a tendency for orientation specificity to decrease in the centers of ocular dominance columns, and for iso-orientation contours to cross the borders of ocular dominance columns at angles of 90 deg. In spite of these similarities, there are differences, one of which entails the strength of ocular dominance signals, which appear weaker in the younger animals and which increase steadily with age. Another, more striking, difference concerns the widths of ocular dominance columns, which increase by 20\% during the first 3 months of life. Since the cortical surface area increases by a comparable amount, during the same time, this 20\% expansion implies that growth occurs anisotropically, perpendicular to the ocular dominance columns, as the cortical surface expands. Since the observed patterns of orientation preference expand more slowly, at approximately half this rate, these results also imply that ocular dominance and orientation patterns change their relationship, and may even drift past one another, as young animals mature.", } @Article{blasdel:voltage, author = "Gary G. Blasdel and Guy Salama", title = "Voltage-Sensitive Dyes Reveal a Modular Organization in Monkey Striate Cortex", journal = "Nature", year = 1986, volume = 321, pages = "579--585", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=3713842", abstract = "Voltage-sensitive dyes allow neuronal activity to be studied by non-invasive optical techniques. They provide an attractive means of investigating striate cortex, where important response properties are organized in two dimensions. In the present study, patterns of ocular dominance and orientation selectivity were obtained repeatedly from the same patch of cortex using the dye merocyanine oxazolone, together with current image-processing techniques. The patterns observed agree with most established features of monkey striate cortex and suggest a new unit of cortical organization; one that is modular in structure and which appears to link the organization of orientation selectivity with that of ocular dominance.", } @InCollection{bohte:nips17, author = "Sander M. Bohte and Michael C. Mozer", title = "Reducing Spike Train Variability: {A} Computational Theory of Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity", booktitle = "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 17", publisher = "MIT Press", year = 2005, address = "Cambridge, MA", pages = "201--208", } @Article{bolhuis:bbr98, title = "Early Learning and the Development of Filial Preferences in the Chick", author = "Johan J. Bolhuis", journal = "Behavioural Brain Research", volume = 98, number = 2, month = feb, year = 1999, pages = "245--252", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10683113", abstract = "Newly hatched domestic chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) rapidly form a social preference for a conspicuous stimulus to which they are exposed. The learning process involved is known as filial imprinting. When chicks are exposed to an audio-visual compound stimulus, both auditory and visual learning are enhanced. The enhancement of visual imprinting is virtually abolished when chicks are exposed separately to the auditory element, either before or after training with the audio-visual compound. Simultaneous exposure to the two elements of the compound is superior to sequential exposure in achieving the enhancement of visual learning. These results are unlike Pavlovian conditioning, but are consistent with an interpretation of imprinting as a form of within-event learning, where links are formed between the representations of the elements of the compound, that can be weakened by separate exposure to an element. Apart from imprinting, chicks may show a developing predisposition to approach stimuli resembling conspecifics. The predisposition emerges in dark-reared chicks given some non-specific experience during a sensitive period, and is expressed as a relatively general preference for stimuli with a head and neck region. In the natural situation, the animal's response may be biased by the predisposition, and through imprinting it then learns the characteristics of individuals.", } @Article{bolhuis:tins98, author = "Johan J. Bolhuis and Robert C. Honey", title = "Imprinting, Learning and Development: {F}rom Behaviour to Brain and Back", journal = "Trends in Neurosciences", volume = 21, number = 7, pages = "306--311", year = 1998, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9683323", abstract = "Neural and behavioural analyses have shown that the formation of filial preferences in young, precocial birds involves at least two separate processes. One process is an emerging predisposition to approach stimuli with the characteristics of the natural mother. The other (learning) process of filial imprinting results in chicks preferentially-approaching a stimulus to which they have been exposed and involves forming links between the components of the exposed stimulus. The neural substrate for the predisposition is different from that underlying imprinting, and different regions of the chick brain are involved in distinct aspects of learning about imprinting stimuli.", } @Article{bolz:nature86, author = "J. Bolz and C. D. Gilbert", title = "Generation of End-Inhibition in the Visual Cortex via Interlaminar Connections", journal = "Nature", volume = 320, year = 1986, pages = "362--364", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=3960119", abstract = "To understand the mechanisms by which the receptive field properties of visual cortical cells are generated, one must consider both the thalamic input to the cortex and the intrinsic cortical connections. In the cat striate cortex, layer 4 is the main recipient of input from the lateral geniculate nucleus, yet the cells in that layer possess several receptive field properties that are distinct from the geniculate input, including orientation specificity, binocularity, directionality and end-inhibition, the last of which allows cells to respond to edges of a restricted length. These properties could be generated by connections within the layer, by its input from the claustrum or by the massive projection that layer 4 receives from layer 6. In the present study, we attempted to determine the functional role of the layer 6 to layer 4 projection by reversible inactivation of layer 6 using the inhibitory transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). After inactivating layer 6, cells in layer 4 lost end-inhibition. Cells in layer 2 + 3, which receive their principal input from layer 4, were similarly affected. The elimination of end-inhibition was specific, other receptive field properties, such as direction selectivity or orientation specificity, remaining intact.", } @InCollection{bonds:development, author = "A. B. Bonds", title = "Development of Orientation Tuning in the Visual Cortex of Kittens", booktitle = "Developmental Neurobiology of Vision", editor = "R. D. Freeman", publisher = "Plenum Press", year = 1979, pages = "31--41", address = "New York", } @Article{bosking:jn97, author = "W. H. Bosking and Y. Zhang and B. R. Schofield and D. Fitzpatrick", title = "Orientation Selectivity and the Arrangement of Horizontal Connections in Tree Shrew Striate Cortex", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", year = 1997, volume = 17, number = 6, pages = "2112--2127", url = "http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/17/6/2112", abstract = "Horizontal connections, formed primarily by the axon collaterals of pyramidal neurons in layer 2/3 of visual cortex, extend for millimeters parallel to the cortical surface and form patchy terminations. Previous studies have provided evidence that the patches formed by horizontal connections exhibit modular specificity, preferentially linking columns of neurons with similar response characteristics, such as preferred orientation. The issue of how these connections are distributed with respect to the topographic map of visual space, however, has not been resolved. Here we combine optical imaging of intrinsic signals with small extracellular injections of biocytin to assess quantitatively the specificity of horizontal connections with respect to both the map of orientation preference and the map of visual space in tree shrew V1. Our results indicate that horizontal connections outside a radius of 500 microm from the injection site exhibit not only modular specificity, but also specificity for axis of projection. Labeled axons extend for longer distances, and give off more terminal boutons, along an axis in the map of visual space that corresponds to the preferred orientation of the injection site. Inside of 500 microm, the pattern of connections is much less specific, with boutons found along every axis, contacting sites with a wide range of preferred orientations. The system of long-range horizontal connections can be summarized as preferentially linking neurons with co-oriented, co-axially aligned receptive fields. These observations suggest specific ways that horizontal circuits contribute to the response properties of layer 2/3 neurons and to mechanisms of visual perception.", } @Article{bourgeois:synaptogenesis, author = "J. P. Bourgeois and P. J. Jastreboff and P. Rakic", title = "Synaptogenesis in Visual Cortex of Normal and Preterm Monkeys: {E}vidence for Intrinsic Regulation of Synaptic Overproduction", journal = "{P}roceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, {USA}", year = 1989, volume = 86, pages = "4297--4301", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=2726773", abstract = "We used quantitative electron microscopy to determine the effect of precocious visual experience on the time course, magnitude, and pattern of perinatal synaptic overproduction in the primary visual cortex of the rhesus monkey. Fetuses were delivered by caesarean section 3 weeks before term, exposed to normal light intensity and day/night cycles, and killed within the first postnatal month, together with age-matched controls that were delivered at term. We found that premature visual stimulation does not affect the rate of synaptic accretion and overproduction. Both of these processes proceed in relation to the time of conception rather than to the time of delivery. In contrast, the size, type, and laminar distribution of synapses were significantly different between preterm and control infants. The changes and differences in these parameters correlate with the duration of visual stimulation and become less pronounced with age. If visual experience in infancy influences the maturation of the visual cortex, it must do so predominantly by strengthening, modifying, and/or eliminating synapses that have already been formed, rather than by regulating the rate of synapse production.", } @Book{bower:genesisbook98, title = "The Book of {GENESIS}: {E}xploring Realistic Neural Models with the {GE}neral {NE}ural {SI}mulation {S}ystem", author = "James M. Bower and D. Beeman", year = 1998, publisher = "Telos", address = "Santa Clara, CA", edition = "Second", } @Article{braastad:development, author = "B. O. Braastad and P. Heggelund", title = "Development of Spatial Receptive-Field Organization and Orientation Selectivity in Kitten Striate Cortex", journal = "Journal of Neurophysiology", year = 1985, volume = 53, pages = "1158--1178", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=3998804", abstract = "The functional organization of the receptive field of neurons in striate cortex of kittens from 8 days to 3 mo of age was studied by extracellular recordings. A quantitative dual-stimulus technique was used, which allowed for analysis of both enhancement and suppression zones in the receptive field. Furthermore the development of orientation selectivity was studied quantitatively in the same cells. Already in the youngest kittens the receptive fields were spatially organized like adult fields, with a central zone and adjacent flanks that responded in opposite manner to the light stimulus. The relative suppression in the subzones was as strong as in adult cells. Both simple and complex cells were found from 8 days. The receptive fields were like magnified adult fields. The width of the dominant discharge-field zone and the distance between the positions giving maximum discharge and maximum suppression decreased with age in the same proportions. The decrease could be explained by a corresponding decrease of the receptive-field-center size of retinal ganglion cells. Forty percent of the cells were orientation selective before 2 wk, and the fraction increased to 94\% at 4 wk. Cells whose responses could be attenuated to at least half of the maximal response by changes of slit orientation were termed orientation selective. The half-width of the orientation-tuning curves narrowed during the first 5 wk, and this change was most marked in simple cells. The ability of the cells to discriminate between orientations in statistical terms was weak in the youngest kittens due to a large response variability, and showed a more pronounced development than the half-width did. The orientation-tuning curves were fitted by an exponential function, which showed the shape to be adultlike in all age groups. Two kittens were dark reared until recording at 1 mo of age. The spatial receptive-field organization and the orientation selectivity in these kittens were similar to normal-reared kittens at 1 mo. The responsivity of the cells of the dark-reared kittens was lower, and the latency before firing was longer than in the normal-reared kittens of the same age, and these response properties were more similar to those in 1- to 2-wk-old normal kittens. Our results indicate that the spatial organization of the receptive field is innate in most cells and that visual experience is unnecessary for the organization to be maintained and for the receptive-field width to mature during the first month postnatally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", } @InCollection{brainard:visneuro04, author = "David H. Brainard", title = "Color Constancy", booktitle = "The Visual Neurosciences", pages = "948--961", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "Cambridge, MA", year = 2004, editor = "Leo M. Chalupa and J. S. Werner", } @TechReport{bray:sutr96, title = "Simple Cell Adaptation in Visual Cortex: {A} Computational Model of Processing in the Early Visual Pathway", author = "Alistair J. Bray and Harry G. Barrow", number = "CSRP 331", institution = "School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences, University of Sussex", address = "Brighton, UK", year = 1996, } @Article{britten:jn92, author = "K. H. Britten and M. N. Shalden and W. T. Newsome and J. A. Movshon", title = "The Analysis of Visual Motion: {A} Comparison of Neuronal and Psychophysical Performance", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 12, year = 1992, pages = "4745--4765", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=1464765", abstract = "We compared the ability of psychophysical observers and single cortical neurons to discriminate weak motion signals in a stochastic visual display. All data were obtained from rhesus monkeys trained to perform a direction discrimination task near psychophysical threshold. The conditions for such a comparison were ideal in that both psychophysical and physiological data were obtained in the same animals, on the same sets of trials, and using the same visual display. In addition, the psychophysical task was tailored in each experiment to the physiological properties of the neuron under study; the visual display was matched to each neuron's preference for size, speed, and direction of motion. Under these conditions, the sensitivity of most MT neurons was very similar to the psychophysical sensitivity of the animal observers. In fact, the responses of single neurons typically provided a satisfactory account of both absolute psychophysical threshold and the shape of the psychometric function relating performance to the strength of the motion signal. Thus, psychophysical decisions in our task are likely to be based upon a relatively small number of neural signals. These signals could be carried by a small number of neurons if the responses of the pooled neurons are statistically independent. Alternatively, the signals may be carried by a much larger pool of neurons if their responses are partially intercorrelated.", } @Article{bronson:childdev74, author = "G. W. Bronson", title = "The Postnatal Growth of Visual Capacity", journal = "Child Development", volume = 45, pages = "873--890", year = 1974, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=4143878", } @InProceedings{brooks:aaai98, author = "Rodney A. Brooks and Cynthia {Breazeal (Ferrell)} and Robert Irie and Charles C. Kemp and Matthew Marjanovi{\'c} and Brian Scassellati and Matthew M. Williamson", title = "Alternative Essences of Intelligence", booktitle = "{P}roceedings of the 15th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence and the 10th Annual Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence", year = 1998, publisher = "AAAI Press", address = "Menlo Park, CA", site = "Madison, Wisconsin", pages = "961--976", url = "http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/brooks/papers/group-AAAI-98.pdf", } @Article{bruns:neuroreport00, author = "A. Bruns and R. Eckhorn and H. Jokeit and A. Ebner", title = "Amplitude Envelope Correlation Detects Coupling Among Incoherent Brain Signals", journal = "Neuroreport", volume = 11, year = 2000, pages = "1509--1514", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10841367", abstract = "Cognitive processing involves gamma-activation over broad cortical regions. Phase coupling of these activities has rarely been reported for areas far apart. Other forms of coupling are generally not detected by conventional measures. Here, we use amplitude envelope correlation (AEC), which can detect signal coupling without phase coherence, even among different frequencies. We apply it to subdural recordings from humans performing a visual delayed match-to-sample task and systematically compare it with spectral amplitude and coherence. The different measures often show divergent results. In particular, AEC reveals y-coupling completely missed by coherence. We argue that coherence and AEC are adapted to different cortical mechanisms of short- and long-range interactions, respectively.", } @Article{buonomano:arn98, author = "D. V. Buonomano and M. M. Merzenich", title = "Cortical Plasticity: {F}rom Synapses to Maps", issn = "0147-006X", journal = "Annual Review of Neuroscience", year = 1998, volume = 21, pages = "149--186", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9530495", abstract = "It has been clear for almost two decades that cortical representations in adult animals are not fixed entities, but rather, are dynamic and are continuously modified by experience. The cortex can preferentially allocate area to represent the particular peripheral input sources that are proportionally most used. Alterations in cortical representations appear to underlie learning tasks dependent on the use of the behaviorally important peripheral inputs that they represent. The rules governing this cortical representational plasticity following manipulations of inputs, including learning, are increasingly well understood. In parallel with developments in the field of cortical map plasticity, studies of synaptic plasticity have characterized specific elementary forms of plasticity, including associative long-term potentiation and long-term depression of excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Investigators have made many important strides toward understanding the molecular underpinnings of these fundamental plasticity processes and toward defining the learning rules that govern their induction. The fields of cortical synaptic plasticity and cortical map plasticity have been implicitly linked by the hypothesis that synaptic plasticity underlies cortical map reorganization. Recent experimental and theoretical work has provided increasingly stronger support for this hypothesis. The goal of the current paper is to review the fields of both synaptic and cortical map plasticity with an emphasis on the work that attempts to unite both fields. A second objective is to highlight the gaps in our understanding of synaptic and cellular mechanisms underlying cortical representational plasticity.", } @Article{burger:computer97, author = "Doug Burger and James R. Goodman", title = "Billion-Transistor Architectures", journal = "IEEE Computer", year = 1997, volume = 30, pages = "46--48", } @Article{burger:zfnc99, author = "T. Burger and E. W. Lang", title = "An Incremental {H}ebbian Learning Model of the Primary Visual Cortex with Lateral Plasticity and Real Input Patterns", journal = "Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Naturforschung C --- A Journal of Biosciences", volume = 54, pages = "128--140", year = 1999, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10097413", abstract = "We present a simplified binocular neural network model of the primary visual cortex with separate ON/OFF-pathways and modifiable afferent as well as intracortical synaptic couplings. Random as well as natural image stimuli drive the weight adaptation which follows Hebbian learning rules stabilized with constant norm and constant sum constraints. The simulations consider the development of orientation and ocular dominance maps under different conditions concerning stimulus patterns and lateral couplings. With random input patterns realistic orientation maps with +/- 1/2-vortices mostly develop and plastic lateral couplings self-organize into mexican hat type structures on average. Using natural greyscale images as input patterns, realistic orientation maps develop as well and the lateral coupling profiles of the cortical neurons represent the two point correlations of the input image used.", } @Article{burger:zfnc01, title = "Self-Organization of Local Cortical Circuits and Cortical Orientation Maps: {A} Nonlinear {H}ebbian Model of the Visual Cortex with Adaptive Lateral Couplings", author = "T. Burger and E. W. Lang", journal = "Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Naturforschung C---A Journal of Biosciences", volume = 56, pages = "464--478", year = 2001, abstract = "A nonlinear, recurrent neural network model of the visual cortex is presented. Orientation maps emerge from adaptable afferent as well as plastic local intracortical circuits driven by random input stimuli. Lateral coupling structures self-organize into DOG profiles under the influence of pronounced emerging cortical activity blobs. The model's simplified architecture and features are modeled to largely mimik neurobiological findings.", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=11421465", } @Article{burkhalter:pnas89, author = "Andreas Burkhalter and Kerry L. Bernardo", title = "Organization of Corticocortical Connections in Human Visual Cortex", journal = "{P}roceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, {USA}", volume = 86, year = 1989, pages = "1071--1075", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=2464827", abstract = "Clinical and psychophysical observations indicate that the visual cortex is critical for the perception of color, form, depth, and movement. Little, however, is known about the cortical circuitry that underlies these functions in humans. In an attempt to learn more about these connections, we have traced projections of primary (V1) and secondary (V2) visual cortex in the postmortem, fixed human brain, using the fluorescent dye 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate as an axonal marker. The results show that V1 makes a forward projection to layers 3 and 4 of V2, and V2 projects back to layers 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 of V1. Some V2 injections also show an input to layer 4B of V1. Projections to 4B probably originate from cytochrome oxidase (CO)-reactive stripes that we have identified in V2. Differential connections between CO-rich (blobs) and CO-poor regions (interblobs) also exist within V1; blobs are connected to blobs and interblobs are connected to interblobs. The results show that the connections in human visual cortex are similar to those of nonhuman primates and that their organization is consistent with the concept of multiple processing streams in the visual system.", } @Article{burkhalter:development, author = "Andreas Burkhalter and Kerry L. Bernardo and Vinod Charles", title = "Development of Local Circuits in Human Visual Cortex", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", year = 1993, volume = 13, month = "May", pages = "1916--1931", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=8478684", abstract = "How we see the world largely depends on the organization of neuronal circuits in visual cortex. Physiological recordings in mammals indicate that circuits develop over a period that extends well into early postnatal ages (LeVay et al., 1980; Albus and Wolf, 1984). Our understanding of how these circuits are assembled during development is still fragmentary (Katz and Callaway, 1992). Here we describe the development of local connections within visual cortex, using the fluorescent dye 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate to trace axonal projections in post-mortem human brains. Vertical (intracolumnar) connections between layers 2/3 and 5, which link neurons representing the same point in the visual field, develop prenatally at 26-29 weeks gestation. In contrast, horizontal (intercolumnar) connections between different points in the visual field develop later. They first emerge prenatally at approximately 37 weeks gestation within layers 4B and 5. After birth (> 40 weeks gestation) the fiber density increases rapidly, showing a uniform plexus of connections at 7 weeks postnatal. The more adult-like patchiness of the projection, however, emerges after 8 weeks postnatal. Long-range horizontal connections within layer 2/3 develop after the connections within layers 4B, 5, and 6. These connections emerge after 16 weeks postnatal, long after cytochrome oxidase blobs have developed, and reach mature from sometime before 15 months of age. Unlike the patchy horizontal projections within layers 4B and 5, which seem to develop through a process of collateral elimination, long-range projections within layer 2/3 are patchy from the outset and seem to develop with greater topographical precision. The finding that intracolumnar connections develop before intercolumnar projections suggests that circuits that process local features of a visual scene develop before circuits necessary to integrate these features into a continuous and coherent neural representation of an image. In addition, the sequential development of horizontal connections within layer 4B before those within layer 2/3 suggests that circuits that may be related to the processing channel for visual motion develop in advance of those that may be more intimately related to the processing of form, color, and precise stereoscopic depth.", } @Article{burton:cogsci99, author = "A. Mike Burton and Vicki Bruce and Peter J. B. Hancock", title = "From Pixels to People: {A} Model of Familiar Face Recognition", journal = "Cognitive Science", year = 1999, volume = 23, pages = "1--31", } @InCollection{bushnell:dsmcc98, author = "Ian W. R. Bushnell", title = "The Origins of Face Perception", booktitle = "The Development of Sensory, Motor and Cognitive Capacities in Early Infancy: {F}rom Perception to Cognition", editor = "Francesca Simion and George Butterworth", publisher = "Psychology Press", address = "East Sussex, UK", year = 1998, pages = "69--86", } @Article{bushnell:icd01, author = "Ian W. R. Bushnell", title = "Mother's Face Recognition in Newborn Infants: {L}earning and Memory", journal = "Infant and Child Development", year = 2001, volume = 10, pages = "67--74", url = "http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/79502688/", } @Article{bushnell:bjdp89, author = "I. W. R. Bushnell and F. Sai and J. T. Mullin", title = "Neonatal Recognition of the Mother's Face", journal = "British Journal of Developmental Psychology", year = 1989, volume = 7, pages = "3--15", } @Article{butts:jneuro99, author = "D. A. Butts and M. B. Feller and C. J. Shatz and D. S. Rokhsar", title = "Retinal Waves Are Governed by Collective Network Properties", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 19, number = 9, pages = "3580--3593", year = 1999, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10212317", abstract = "Propagating neural activity in the developing mammalian retina is required for the normal patterning of retinothalamic connections. This activity exhibits a complex spatiotemporal pattern of initiation, propagation, and termination. Here, we discuss the behavior of a model of the developing retina using a combination of simulation and analytic calculation. Our model produces spatially and temporally restricted waves without requiring inhibition, consistent with the early depolarizing action of neurotransmitters in the retina. We find that highly correlated, temporally regular, and spatially restricted activity occurs over a range of network parameters; this ensures that such spatiotemporal patterns can be produced robustly by immature neural networks in which synaptic transmission by individual neurons may be unreliable. Wider variation of these parameters, however, results in several different regimes of wave behavior. We also present evidence that wave properties are locally determined by a single variable, the fraction of recruitable (i.e., nonrefractory) cells within the dendritic field of a retinal neuron. From this perspective, a given local area's ability to support waves with a wide range of propagation velocities-as observed in experiment-reflects the variability in the local state of excitability of that area. This prediction is supported by whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings, which measure significant wave-to-wave variability in the amount of synaptic input a cell receives when it participates in a wave. This approach to describing the developing retina provides unique insight into how the organization of a neural circuit can lead to the generation of complex correlated activity patterns.", } @Article{buzsaki:science04, author = "Gy{\"o}rgy Buzs{\'a}ki and Andreas Draguhn", title = "Neuronal Oscillations in Cortical Networks", journal = "Science", volume = 304, year = 2004, pages = "1926--1929", url = "http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/304/5679/1926", abstract = " Clocks tick, bridges and skyscrapers vibrate, neuronal networks oscillate. Are neuronal oscillations an inevitable by-product, similar to bridge vibrations, or an essential part of the brain's design? Mammalian cortical neurons form behavior-dependent oscillating networks of various sizes, which span five orders of magnitude in frequency. These oscillations are phylogenetically preserved, suggesting that they are functionally relevant. Recent findings indicate that network oscillations bias input selection, temporally link neurons into assemblies, and facilitate synaptic plasticity, mechanisms that cooperatively support temporal representation and long-term consolidation of information.", } @Article{cai:jnp97, title = "Spatiotemporal Receptive Field Organization in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of Cats and Kittens", author = "D. Cai and G. C. DeAngelis and R. D. Freeman", journal = "Journal of Neurophysiology", volume = 78, number = 2, pages = "1045--1061", url = "http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/78/2/1045", year = 1997, abstract = "We have studied the spatiotemporal receptive-field organization of 144 neurons recorded from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of adult cats and kittens at 4 and 8 wk postnatal. Receptive-field profiles were obtained with the use of a reverse correlation technique, in which we compute the cross-correlation between the action potential train of a neuron and a randomized sequence of long bright and dark bar stimuli that are flashed throughout the receptive field. Spatiotemporal receptive-field profiles of LGN neurons generally exhibit a biphasic temporal response, as well as the classical center-surround spatial organization. For nonlagged cells, the first temporal phase of the response dominates, whereas for lagged neurons, the second temporal phase of the response is typically the largest. This temporal phase difference between lagged and nonlagged cells accounts for their divergent behavior in response to flashed stimuli. Most LGN cells exhibit some degree of space-time inseparability, which means that the receptive field cannot simply be viewed as the product of a spatial waveform and a temporal waveform. In these cases, the response of the surround is typically delayed relative to that of the center, and there is some blending of center and surround during the time course of the response. We demonstrate that a simple extension of the traditional difference-of-Gaussians (DOG) model, in which the surround response is delayed relative to that of the center, accounts nicely for these findings. With regard to development, our analysis shows that spatial and temporal aspects of receptive field structure mature with markedly different time courses. After 4 wk postnatal, there is little change in the spatial organization of LGN receptive fields, with the exception of a weak, but significant, trend for the surround to become smaller and stronger with age. In contrast, there are substantial changes in temporal receptive-field structure after 4 wk postnatal. From 4 to 8 wk postnatal, the shape of the temporal response profile changes, becoming more biphasic, but the latency and duration of the response remain unchanged. From 8 wk postnatal to adulthood, the shape of the temporal profile remains approximately constant, but there is a dramatic decline in both the latency and duration of the response. Comparison of our results with recent data from cortical (area 17) simple cells reveals that the temporal development of LGN cells accounts for a substantial portion of the temporal maturation of simple cells.", } @Article{calford:prslb99, author = "M. B. Calford and L. M. Schmid and M. G. P. Rosa", title = "Monocular Focal Retinal Lesions Induce Short-Term Topographic Plasticity in Adult Visual Cortex", journal = "Proceedings: Biological Sciences", volume = 266, year = 1999, pages = "499--507", url = "http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/app/home/linking.asp?wasp=6p8qd4uwrr3knmqhlk1p\&referrer=linking\&target=contribution\&id=RWPQ5WEUDMPVXVG4\&backto=contribution,1,1;issue,11,14;journal,124,164;linkingpublicationresults,id:102024,1", } @Article{calford:jp00, author = "M. B. Calford and C. Wang and V. Taglianetti and W. J. Waleszczyk and W. Burke and B. Dreher", title = "Plasticity in Adult Cat Visual Cortex (Area 17) Following Circumscribed Monocular Lesions of All Retinal Layers", journal = "The Journal of Physiology", volume = 524, year = 2000, pages = "587--602", url = "http://jp.physoc.org/cgi/content/full/524/2/587", abstract = "1. In eight adult cats intense, sharply circumscribed, monocular laser lesions were used to remove all cellular layers of the retina. The extents of the retinal lesions were subsequently confirmed with counts of alpha-ganglion cells in retinal whole mounts; in some cases these revealed radial segmental degeneration of ganglion cells distal to the lesion. 2. Two to 24 weeks later, area 17 (striate cortex; V1) was studied electrophysiologically in a standard anaesthetized, paralysed (artificially respired) preparation. Recording single- or multineurone activity revealed extensive topographical reorganization within the lesion projection zone (LPZ). 3. Thus, with stimulation of the lesioned eye, about 75 \% of single neurones in the LPZ had 'ectopic' visual discharge fields which were displaced to normal retina in the immediate vicinity of the lesion. 4. The sizes of the ectopic discharge fields were not significantly different from the sizes of the normal discharge fields. Furthermore, binocular cells recorded from the LPZ, when stimulated via their ectopic receptive fields, exhibited orientation tuning and preferred stimulus velocities which were indistinguishable from those found when the cells were stimulated via the normal eye. 5. However, the responses to stimuli presented via ectopic discharge fields were generally weaker (lower peak discharge rates) than those to presentations via normal discharge fields, and were characterized by a lower-than-normal upper velocity limit. 6. Overall, the properties of the ectopic receptive fields indicate that cortical mechanisms rather than a retinal 'periphery' effect underlie the topographic reorganization of area 17 following monocular retinal lesions.", } @Article{calford:jn03, author = "Mike B. Calford and Layne L. Wright and Andrew B. Metha and Vivian Taglianetti", title = "Topographic Plasticity in Primary Visual Cortex Is Mediated by Local Corticocortical Connections", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 23, number = 16, pages = "6434--6442", year = 2003, url = "http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/23/16/6434", urlfull = "http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/reprint/23/16/6434.pdf", abstract = "The placement of monocular laser lesions in the adult cat retina produces a lesion projection zone (LPZ) in primary visual cortex (V1) in which the majority of neurons have a normally located receptive field (RF) for stimulation of the intact eye and an ectopically located RF (displaced to intact retina at the edge of the lesion) for stimulation of the lesioned eye. Animals that had such lesions for 14-85 d were studied under halothane and nitrous oxide anesthesia with conventional neurophysiological recording techniques and stimulation of moving light bars. Previous work suggested that a candidate source of input, which could account for the development of the ectopic RFs, was long-range horizontal connections within V1. The critical contribution of such input was examined by placing a pipette containing the neurotoxin kainic acid at a site in the normal V1 visual representation that overlapped with the ectopic RF recorded at a site within the LPZ. Continuation of well defined responses to stimulation of the intact eye served as a control against direct effects of the kainic acid at the LPZ recording site. In six of seven cases examined, kainic acid deactivation of neurons at the injection site blocked responsiveness to lesioned-eye stimulation at the ectopic RF for the LPZ recording site. We therefore conclude that long-range horizontal projections contribute to the dominant input underlying the capacity for retinal lesion-induced plasticity in V1.", } @Article{callaway:cmn87, author = "Clifton W. Callaway and Ralph Lydic and Helen A. Baghdoyan and J. Allan Hobson", title = "Pontogeniculooccipital Waves: {S}pontaneous Visual System Activity During Rapid Eye Movement Sleep", journal = "Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology", volume = 7, number = 2, pages = "105--149", year = 1987, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=3308096", abstract = "1. Pontogeniculooccipital (PGO) waves are recorded during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep from the pontine reticular formation, lateral geniculate bodies, and occipital cortex of many species. 2. PGO waves are associated with increased visual system excitability but arise spontaneously and not via stimulation of the primary visual afferents. Both auditory and somatosensory stimuli influence PGO wave activity. 3. Studies using a variety of techniques suggest that the pontine brain stem is the site of PGO wave generation. Immediately prior to the appearance of PGO waves, neurons located in the region of the brachium conjunctivum exhibit bursts of increased firing, while neurons in the dorsal raphe nuclei show a cessation of firing. 4. The administration of pharmacological agents antagonizing noradrenergic or serotonergic neurotransmission increases the occurrence of PGO waves independent of REM sleep. Cholinomimetic administration increases the occurrence of both PGO waves and other components of REM sleep. 5. Regarding function, the PGO wave-generating network has been postulated to inform the visual system about eye movements, to promote brain development, and to facilitate the response to novel environmental stimuli.", } @Article{callaway:emergence, author = "Edward M. Callaway and Lawrence C. Katz", title = "Emergence and Refinement of Clustered Horizontal Connections in Cat Striate Cortex", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", year = 1990, volume = 10, pages = "1134--1153", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=2329372", abstract = "Pyramidal cells in layer 2/3 of adult cat striate cortex have long, intrinsic horizontal axon collaterals within both layer 2/3 and layer 5. These collaterals form periodic 'clusters' of finer axon branches that link columns of similar orientation selectivity. We have investigated the sequence of events and possible mechanisms underlying the development of these clustered intrinsic horizontal connections using a combination of neuronal tracers and intracellular staining. Small injections of fluorescent latex microspheres made during the first postnatal week (at P4-6), when examined in tangential sections, produced an even, unclustered distribution of retrogradely labeled cells up to 2 mm from the injection site. At P8, retrograde labeling extended over a larger area and clustering was discernible, primarily among the most distant labeled cells. At both P6 and P8, labeling was similar in layers 2/3 and 5, indicating that the transition from clustered to unclustered connections occurred simultaneously for cells in superficial and deep laminae. By the end of the second postnatal week (P12-15), retrogradely labeled cells were far more clustered both within and beyond the extent of P6 label; the density of labeled cells was high throughout the labeled region, but much higher within clusters. The periodicity of these nascent clusters was similar to that in the adult. Despite obvious clustering, the pattern of retrograde label observed following injections at 2-3 weeks (P12-21) differed markedly from the adult, in that the regions between clusters contained many labeled cells. Over the next 3 weeks, the connections were refined, so that by the sixth postnatal week (P36-38), regions between clusters contained very few retrogradely labeled cells and the overall pattern of retrograde label was indistinguishable from that in adults. Despite differences in postmigratory ages of neurons from the superficial and deep laminae, clustering of retrogradely labeled cells from these 2 populations was similar at all ages. Experiments in which 2-3 weeks elapsed between the time microsphere injections were made and animals were killed demonstrated that neither the initial formation of crude clusters nor their refinement was due to cell death. Instead, cluster refinement resulted from specific process elimination. When a red microsphere injection at P15 was followed by a green microsphere injection at exactly the same location on P29, the earlier injection resulted in crude clustering, as expected. Virtually all of the cells double-labeled by the later injection were within the densest clusters of label from the early injection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", } @Article{callaway:deprivation, author = "Edward M. Callaway and Lawrence C. Katz", title = "Effects of Binocular Deprivation on the Development of Clustered Horizontal Connections in Cat Striate Cortex", journal = "{P}roceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, {USA}", year = 1991, volume = 88, pages = "745--749", url = "http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/88/3/745", abstract = "Intrinsic horizontal axon collaterals in the striate cortex of adult cats specifically link columns having the same preferred orientation; consequently, retrograde tracer injections result in intrinsic labeling that is sharply clustered. We have previously shown that the normal development of this circuitry involves the emergence of crude clusters from an unclustered pattern during the second postnatal week. Crude clusters are later refined to the adult level of specificity by the selective rearrangement of axonal arbors that initially project to incorrect orientation columns. Here we report that depriving animals of patterned visual experience by binocular lid suture prior to natural eye opening had no discernible effect on the emergence of crude clusters. In contrast, cluster refinement was dramatically affected by binocular deprivation. Injections of retrograde tracers in the striate cortex of animals binocularly deprived for greater than 1 month revealed only crude clusters, indicating that horizontal axon collaterals projecting to incorrect orientation columns were retained well past the age when they normally would have been eliminated. Layer 2/3 pyramidal cells from 6-week-old binocularly deprived animals had abnormal distributions of intrinsic horizontal axon collaterals that mirrored the lack of cluster refinement. The radial clustering of their horizontal collaterals was considerably less precise than normal. These cells, nevertheless, developed many of the features of normal mature arbors, including the distal axonal branches not seen in arbors from younger animals with normal visual experience. Together, these results indicate that axonal rearrangements occurred, but with reduced specificity. Thus, binocular deprivation did not simply arrest the development of this orientation-specific circuit at an immature state but limited the accuracy with which axon collaterals were added or eliminated. We suggest that development of this orientation-specific circuitry, like ocular dominance column segregation, may depend on temporal correlation of activity for regulation of axonal rearrangement. The specificity of rearrangement may be degraded in binocularly deprived cats because they do not experience sharply oriented visual stimuli necessary for concurrent activation of same-orientation columns.", } @Article{callaway:ccortex96, author = "E. M. Callaway and A. K. Wiser", title = "Contributions of Individual Layer 2--5 Spiny Neurons to Local Circuits in Macaque Primary Visual Cortex", journal = "Visual Neuroscience", volume = 13, year = 1996, pages = "907--922", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=8903033", abstract = "We studied excitatory local circuits in the macaque primary visual cortex (VI) to investigate their relationships to the magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) streams. Sixty-two intracellularly labeled spiny neurons in layers 2-5 were analyzed. We made detailed observations of the laminar and columnar specificity of axonal arbors and noted correlations with dendritic arbors. We find evidence for considerable mixing of M and P streams by the local circuitry in VI. Such mixing is provided by neurons in the primary geniculate recipient layer 4C, as well as by neurons in both the supragranular and infragranular layers. We were also interested in possible differences in the axonal projections of neurons with different dendritic morphologies. We found that layer 4B spiny stellate and pyramidal neurons have similar axonal arbors. However, we identified two types of layer 5 pyramidal neuron. The majority have a conventional pyramidal dendritic morphology, a dense axonal arbor in layers 2.4B, and do not project to the white matter. Layer 5 projection neurons have an unusual 'backbranching' dendritic morphology (apical dendritic branches arc downward rather than upward) and weak or no axonal arborization in layers 2-4B, but have long horizontal axonal projections in layer 5B. We find no strong projection from layer 5 pyramidal neurons to layer 6. In macaque V1 there appears to be no single source of strong local input to layer 6; only a minority of cells in layers 2-5 have axonal branches in layer 6 and these are sparse. Our results suggest that local circuits in V1 mediate interactions between M and P input that are complex and not easily incorporated into a simple framework.", } @Article{calvert:cc01, author = "Gemma A. Calvert", title = "Crossmodal Processing in the Human Brain: {I}nsights from Functional Neuroimaging Studies", journal = "Cerebral Cortex", volume = 11, year = 2001, pages = "1110--1123", url = "http://cercor.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/11/12/1110", abstract = "Modern brain imaging techniques have now made it possible to study the neural sites and mechanisms underlying crossmodal processing in the human brain. This paper reviews positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), event-related potential and magnetoencephalographic studies of crossmodal matching, the crossmodal integration of content and spatial information, and crossmodal learning. These investigations are beginning to produce some consistent findings regarding the neuronal networks involved in these distinct crossmodal operations. Increasingly, specific roles are being defined for the superior temporal sulcus, the inferior parietal sulcus, regions of frontal cortex, the insula cortex and claustrum. The precise network of brain areas implicated in any one study, however, seems to be heavily dependent on the experimental paradigms used, the nature of the information being combined and the particular combination of modalities under investigation. The different analytic strategies adopted by different groups may also be a significant factor contributing to the variability in findings. In this paper, we demonstrate the impact of computing intersections, conjunctions and interaction effects on the identification of audiovisual integration sites using existing fMRI data from our own laboratory. This exercise highlights the potential value of using statistical interaction effects to model electrophysiological responses to crossmodal stimuli in order to identify possible sites of multisensory integration in the human brain.", } @Article{calvert:spatial, author = "J. E. Calvert and J. P. Harris", title = "Spatial Frequency and Duration Effects on the Tilt Illusion and Orientation Acuity", journal = "Vision Research", year = 1988, volume = 28, number = 6, pages = "1051--1059", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=3254648", abstract = "The simultaneous tilt illusion and the decline in variance of orientation judgements (Andrews effect) were measured as a function of exposure duration and spatial frequency. The illusions increased in size (to more than 10 deg) with exposure times up to 30-100 msec, then declined. The Andrews effect was largest at the shortest exposure and asymptoted (for a particular spatial frequency) at about the same exposure duration at which the illusion peaked. The exposure duration at which the illusion peaked was longer if the subject was more dark adapted. When the subjects' rating of the perceptual clarity of the gratings was plotted against the size of the Andrews effect (for the same duration and spatial frequency), the data fell on a single function, whether the spatial frequency was 2, 5, or 10 c/deg. The functional significance of these effects is discussed.", } @Article{campbell:vres71, author = "F. W. Campbell and L. Maffei", title = "The Tilt Aftereffect: {A} Fresh Look", journal = "Vision Research", year = 1971, volume = 11, pages = "833--840", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=5094976", } @Article{campbell:nc99, author = " S. R. Campbell and D. Wang and C. Jayaprakash", title = "Synchrony and Desynchrony in Integrate-And-Fire Oscillators", journal = "Neural Computation", volume = 11, year = 1999, pages = "1595--1619", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10490940", abstract = "Due to many experimental reports of synchronous neural activity in the brain, there is much interest in understanding synchronization in networks of neural oscillators and its potential for computing perceptual organization. Contrary to Hopfield and Herz (1995), we find that networks of locally coupled integrate-and-fire oscillators can quickly synchronize. Furthermore, we examine the time needed to synchronize such networks. We observe that these networks synchronize at times proportional to the logarithm of their size, and we give the parameters used to control the rate of synchronization. Inspired by locally excitatory globally inhibitory oscillator network (LEGION) dynamics with relaxation oscillators (Terman & Wang, 1995), we find that global inhibition can play a similar role of desynchronization in a network of integrate-and-fire oscillators. We illustrate that a LEGION architecture with integrate-and-fire oscillators can be similarly used to address image analysis.", } @Article{campos:npl00, author = "Marcos M. Campos and Gail A. Carpenter", title = "Building Adaptive Basis Functions with a Continuous Self-Organizing Map", journal = "Neural Processing Letters", year = 2000, volume = 11, pages = "59--78", } @Article{carney:vres82, author = "T. Carney", title = "Directional Specificity in Tilt Aftereffect Induced with Moving Contours: {A} Reexamination", journal = "Vision Research", year = 1982, volume = 22, number = 10, pages = "1273--1275", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=7179747", abstract = "In the tilt aftereffect a grating or bar is perceived as being slightly rotated from its veridical orientation if it is preceded by a similar adaptation stimulus with a slightly different orientation. It has been reported that the tilt aftereffect is not direction specific. That is, the magnitude of the misperception was not affected by whether the adaptation and test stimuli were moving in the same or the opposite directions. However, when we required subjects to fixate on a stationary spot during adaptation to a moving grating, the tilt aftereffect was strongest when both stimuli moved in the same direction. Moreover, the tilt aftereffect was not direction specific without such fixation. These results are consistent with the distribution shift model in which the perceived orientation reflects the distribution of orientation selective units, some of which are also direction selective.", } @Article{carpenter:tics01, author = "Gail A. Carpenter", title = "Neural Network Models of Learning and Memory: {L}eading Questions and an Emerging Framework", journal = "Trends in Cognitive Sciences", year = 2001, volume = 5, pages = "114--118", } @Article{carpenter:interactions, author = "R. H. S. Carpenter and C. Blakemore", title = "Interactions Between Orientations in Human Vision", journal = "Experimental Brain Research", year = 1973, volume = 18, pages = "287--303", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=4769265", } @InCollection{casagrande:lgn, author = "V. A. Casagrande and T. T. Norton", title = "Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: {A} Review of its Physiology and Function", booktitle = "The Neural Basis of Visual Function", series = "Vision and Visual Dysfunction", year = 1989, volume = 4, editor = "Audie G. Leventhal", publisher = "CRC Press", address = "Boca Raton, FL", pages = "41--84", } @Article{catania:jcompneurol99, title = "Cortical Organization in Shrews: {E}vidence From Five Species", author = "K. C. Catania and D. C. Lyon and O. B. Mock and J. H. Kaas", journal = "The Journal of Comparative Neurology", volume = 410, number = 1, pages = "55--72", year = 1999, url = "http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/62001704/START", abstract = "Cortical organization was examined in five shrew species. In three species, Blarina brevicauda, Cryptotis parva, and Sorex palustris, microelectrode recordings were made in cortex to determine the organization of sensory areas. Cortical recordings were then related to flattened sections of cortex processed for cytochrome oxidase or myelin to reveal architectural borders. An additional two species (Sorex cinereus and Sorex longirostris) with visible cortical subdivisions based on histology alone were analyzed without electrophysiological mapping. A single basic plan of cortical organization was found in shrews, consisting of a few clearly defined sensory areas located caudally in cortex. Two somatosensory areas contained complete representations of the contralateral body, corresponding to primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and secondary somatosensory cortex (S2). A small primary visual cortex (V1) was located closely adjacent to S1, whereas auditory cortex (A1) was located in extreme caudolateral cortex, partially encircled by S2. Areas did not overlap and had sharp, histochemically apparent and electrophysiologically defined borders. The adjacency of these areas suggests a complete absence of intervening higher level or association areas. Based on a previous study of corticospinal connections, a presumptive primary motor cortex (M1) was identified directly rostral to S1. Apparently, in shrews, the solution to having extremely little neocortex is to have only a few small cortical subdivisions. However, the small areas remain discrete, well organized, and functional. This cortical organization in shrews is likely a derived condition, because a wide range of extant mammals have a greater number of cortical subdivisions.", } @Article{catsicas:cbio95, author = "Marina Catsicas and Peter Mobbs", title = "Waves Are Swell", journal = "Current Biology", year = 1995, volume = 5, number = 9, pages = "977--979", } @Article{celebrini:jn94, author = "S. Celebrini and W. T. Newsome", title = "Neuronal and Psychophysical Sensitivity to Motion Signals in Extrastriate {MST} of the Macaque Monkey", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 14, year = 1994, pages = "4109--4124", } @Article{chakravarthy:bc96, author = "S. V. Chakravarthy and J. Ghosh", title = "A Complex-Valued Associative Memory for Storing Patterns as Oscillatory States", journal = "Biological Cybernetics", volume = 75, year = 1996, pages = "229--238", } @Article{chance:natneuro99, title = "Complex Cells as Cortically Amplified Simple Cells", author = "Frances S. Chance and S. B. Nelson and L. F. Abbott", journal = "Nature Neuroscience", volume = 2, number = 3, pages = "277--282", year = 1999, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10195222", abstract = "The majority of synapses in primary visual cortex mediate excitation between nearby neurons, yet the role of local recurrent connections in visual processing remains unclear. We propose that these connections are responsible for the spatial-phase invariance of complex-cell responses. In a network model with selective cortical amplification, neurons exhibit simple-cell responses when recurrent connections are weak and complex-cell responses when they are strong, suggesting that simple and complex cells are the low- and high-gain limits of the same basic cortical circuit. Given the ubiquity of invariant responses in cognitive processing, the recurrent mechanism we propose for complex cells may be widely applicable.", } @Article{chang:parallelcomputing02, title = "An Efficient Parallel Algorithm for {LISSOM} Neural Network", author = "Li-Chiu Chang and Fi-John Chang", journal = "Parallel Computing", volume = 28, number = 11, year = 2002, pages = "1611--1633", url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V12-4718B7H-4/2/3041737c1bac42c65b0e1d3d0bc342af", } @Article{chapman:science00, title = "Necessity for Afferent Activity to Maintain Eye-Specific Segregation in Ferret Lateral Geniculate Nucleus", author = "Barbara Chapman", journal = "Science", volume = 287, number = 5462, pages = "2479--2482", year = 2000, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10741966", abstract = "In the adult mammal, retinal ganglion cell axon arbors are restricted to eye-specific layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Blocking neuronal activity early in development prevents this segregation from occurring. To test whether activity is also required to maintain eye-specific segregation, ganglion cell activity was blocked after segregation was established. This caused desegregation, so that both eyes' axons became concentrated in lamina A, normally occupied only by contralateral afferents. These results show that an activity-dependent process is necessary for maintaining eye-specific segregation and suggest that activity-independent cues may favor lamina A as the target for arborization of afferents from both eyes.", } @Article{chapman:pnas98, author = "Barbara Chapman and Tobias Bonhoeffer", title = "Overrepresentation of Horizontal and Vertical Orientation Preferences in Developing Ferret Area 17", journal = "{P}roceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, {USA}", volume = 95, pages = "2609--2614", year = 1998, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9482934", abstract = "One of the fundamental principles of visual cortical organization is that neurons form a 'map' in which neighboring cells have similar orientation preferences. Previous anatomical and imaging studies have shown that although the exact layouts of these orientation preference maps vary between individuals, features of iso-orientation domains such as width and spacing appear constant within a species. Using chronic optical imaging of intrinsic signals we now demonstrate that in ferret area 17 a larger proportion of cortical surface is dominated by responses to horizontal and vertical contours than to the two oblique orientations. This was true for all ferrets studied both during development and in adulthood. Interestingly, however, we found that the degree of the overrepresentation varied significantly between individual animals. In some young ferrets, responses to horizontal and vertical stimuli developed faster than responses to oblique stimuli, and a much larger percentage of the cortex responded preferentially to horizontal and vertical stimuli. In other individuals, responses to all stimuli developed at roughly the same rate, and there was relatively little overrepresentation of horizontal and vertical preferences.", } @Article{chapman:jnb99, title = "Development of Orientation Preference in the Mammalian Visual Cortex", author = "Barbara Chapman and Imke G{\"o}decke and Tobias Bonhoeffer", journal = "Journal of Neurobiology", volume = 41, number = 1, pages = "18--24", year = 1999, aliases = "chapman:jneurobiology99", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10504188", abstract = "Recent experiments have studied the development of orientation selectivity in normal animals, visually deprived animals, and animals where patterns of neuronal activity have been altered. Results of these experiments indicate that orientation tuning appears very early in development, and that normal patterns of activity are necessary for its normal development. Visual experience is not needed for early development of orientation, but is crucial for maintaining orientation selectivity. Neuronal activity and vision thus seem to play similar roles in the development of orientation selectivity as they do in the development of eye-specific segregation in the visual system.", } @Article{chapman:jneuro93, author = "Barbara Chapman and M. P. Stryker", title = "Development of Orientation Selectivity in Ferret Primary Visual Cortex and Effects of Deprivation", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 13, number = 12, pages = "5251--5262", year = 1993, month = dec, url = "http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/13/12/5251", } @Article{chapman:jn96, author = "Barbara Chapman and Michael P. Stryker and Tobias Bonhoeffer", title = "Development of Orientation Preference Maps in Ferret Primary Visual Cortex", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", year = 1996, volume = 16, number = 20, pages = "6443--6453", url = "http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/20/6443", aliases = "chapman:jneuro96", abstract = "The development of orientation preference maps was studied in ferret primary visual cortex using chronic optical imaging of intrinsic signals. The emergence and maturation of the maps were examined over time in single animals. The earliest age at which cortical domains selectively responsive to particular stimulus orientations were observed varied considerably between individuals, from postnatal day 31 to 36. In all cases, the earliest maps seen were low-contrast, with regions of orientation-specific activity that were difficult to distinguish from noise. These early maps matured over a period of several days into the high-contrast, patchy maps typical of adult animals. The structure of the orientation maps was remarkably constant over time. The indistinct features in the earliest maps were always patches of the same sizes and shapes and at the same locations as in the maps obtained in subsequent recording sessions. Details of the more mature maps, including the relative intensities of individual iso-orientation domains, were also constant from one recording session to another over periods of several weeks. The patterning of iso-orientation domains in ferret primary visual cortex thus is established early in development and remains stable over time, unaffected by either normal visual experience or the anatomical rearrangements of geniculocortical afferents into eye-specific domains.", } @Book{chauvin:book95, editor = "Yves Chauvin and David E. Rumelhart", title = "Backpropagation: {T}heory, Architectures, and Applications", publisher = "Erlbaum", year = 1995, address = "Hillsdale, NJ", } @Article{chino:rapid, author = "Y. M. Chino and J. H. Kaas and E. L. Smith and A. L. Langston and H. Cheng", title = "Rapid Reorganization of Cortical Maps in Adult Cats Following Restricted Deafferentation in Retina", journal = "Vision Research", year = 1992, volume = 32, pages = "789--796", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=1604848", abstract = "The retinotopic map in the visual cortex of adult mammals can reorganize in response to a small injury in a restricted region of retina. Although the mechanisms underlying this neural plasticity in adults are not well understood, it is possible that rapid, adaptive alterations in the effectiveness of existing connections play a key role in the reorganization of cortical topography following peripheral deafferentation. In order to test this hypothesis, a small retinal lesion was made in one eye of adult cats and the visual cortex was mapped before and immediately after enucleating the non-lesioned eye. We found that substantial reorganization takes place within hours of enucleation.", } @Article{chino:jn95, author = "Y. M. Chino and E. L. Smith and J. H. Kaas and H. Cheng", title = "Receptive-Field Properties of Deafferentated Visual Cortical Neurons After Topographic Map Reorganization in Adult Cats", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 15, year = 1995, pages = "2417--2433", url = "http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/3/2417", urlfull = "http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/reprint/15/3/2417", abstract = "When neurons in primary visual cortex of adult cats and monkeys are deprived of their normal sources of activation by matching lesions in the two retinas, they are capable of acquiring new receptive fields based on inputs from regions of intact retina around the lesions. Although these 'reactivated' neurons respond to visual stimuli, quantitative studies of their response characteristics have not been attempted. Thus, it is not known whether these neurons have normal or abnormal features that could contribute to or disrupt an analysis of a visual scene. In this study, we used extracellular single-unit recording methods to investigate their stimulus selectivity and responsiveness. Specifically, we measured the sensitivity of individual neurons to stimulus orientation, direction of drift, spatial frequency, and contrast. Over 98\% of all units in the denervated zone of cortex acquired new receptive fields after 3 months of recovery. Newly activated units exhibited strikingly normal orientation tuning, direction selectivity, and spatial frequency tuning when high-contrast (< 40\%) stimuli were used. However, contrast thresholds of most neurons were abnormally elevated, and the maximum response amplitude under optimal stimulus conditions was significantly reduced. The results suggest that the striate cortical neurons reactivated during topographic reorganization are capable of sending functionally meaningful signals to more central structures provided that the visual scene contains relatively high contrast images.", } @Article{chklovskii:nature04, author = "D. B. Chklovskii and B. W. Mel and K. Svoboda", title = "Cortical Rewiring and Information Storage", journal = "Nature", volume = 431, year = 2004, pages = "782--788", url = "http://www-lnc.usc.edu/library/Chklovskii_Mel_Svoboda04.pdf", abstract = "Current thinking about long-term memory in the cortex is focused on changes in the strengths of connections between neurons. But ongoing structural plasticity in the adult brain, including synapse formation/elimination and remodelling of axons and dendrites, suggests that memory could also depend on learning-induced changes in the cortical 'wiring diagram'. Given that the cortex is sparsely connected, wiring plasticity could provide a substantial boost in storage capacity, although at a cost of more elaborate biological machinery and slower learning.", } @Article{chklovskii:neuron02, title = "Wiring Optimization in Cortical Circuits", author = "Dmitri B. Chklovskii and Thomas Schikorski and Charles F. Stevens", journal = "Neuron", volume = 34, number = 3, pages = "341--347", year = 2002, url = "http://www.neuron.org/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS0896627302006797", abstract = "Wiring a brain presents a formidable problem because neural circuits require an enormous number of fast and durable connections. We propose that evolution was likely to have optimized neural circuits to minimize conduction delays in axons, passive cable attenuation in dendrites, and the length of ``wire'' used to construct circuits, and to have maximized the density of synapses. Here we ask the question: ``What fraction of the volume should be taken up by axons and dendrites (i.e., wire) when these variables are at their optimal values?'' The biophysical properties of axons and dendrites dictate that wire should occupy 3/5 of the volume in an optimally wired gray matter. We have measured the fraction of the volume occupied by each cellular component and find that the volume of wire is close to the predicted optimal value. ", } @Article{cho:nc97, author = "S.-B. Cho", title = "Self-Organizing Map with Dynamical Node Splitting: {A}pplication to Handwritten Digit Recognition", journal = "Neural Computation", volume = 9, year = 1997, pages = "1345--1355", } @MastersThesis{choe:ms, author = "Yoonsuck Choe", title = "Laterally Interconnected Self-Organizing Feature Map in Handwritten Digit Recognition", school = "Department of Computer Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin", address = "Austin, TX", year = 1995, note = "Technical Report AI95-236", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?choe:ms", } @PhdThesis{choe:phd01, author = "Yoonsuck Choe", title = "Perceptual Grouping in a Self-Organizing Map of Spiking Neurons", aliases = "choe:phd", school = "Department of Computer Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin", year = 2001, address = "Austin, TX", note = "Technical Report AI01-292", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?choe:phd01", } @InProceedings{choe:cogsci02, author = "Yoonsuck Choe", title = "Second Order Isomorphism: {A} Reinterpretation and Its Implications in Brain and Cognitive Sciences", year = 2002, booktitle = "{P}roceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society", publisher = "Erlbaum", address = "Hillsdale, NJ", site = "Fairfax, VA", editor = "Wayne D. Gray and Christian D. Schunn", pages = "190--195", url = "http://www.cs.tamu.edu/faculty/choe/ftp/publications/choe.cogsci02.pdf", } @Article{choe:cns02, author = "Yoonsuck Choe", title = "Analogical Cascade: {A} Theory on the Role of the Thalamo-Cortical Loop in Brain Function", year = 2003, journal = "Neurocomputing", volume = "52--54", pages = "713--719", url = "http://www.cs.tamu.edu/faculty/choe/ftp/publications/choe.tr02.2-2.pdf", } @InProceedings{choe:ijcnn03, author = "Yoonsuck Choe", title = "Processing of Analogy in the Thalamocortical Circuit", year = 2003, booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks", publisher = "IEEE", address = "Piscataway, NJ", site = "Portland, OR", pages = "1480--1485", url = "http://www.cs.tamu.edu/faculty/choe/ftp/publications/choe.ijcnn03.pdf", } @Article{choe:tnn04, author = "Yoonsuck Choe", title = "The Role of Temporal Parameters in a Thalamocortical Model of Analogy", year = 2004, journal = "IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks", volume = 15, pages = "1071--1082", url = "http://www.cs.tamu.edu/faculty/choe/ftp/publications/choe.tnn04-reprint.pdf", abstract = "How multiple specialized cortical areas in the brain interact with each other to give rise to an integrated behavior is a largely unanswered question. This paper proposes that such an integration can be understood under the framework of analogy and that part of the thalamus and the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) may be playing a key role in this respect. The proposed thalamocortical model of analogy heavily depends on a diverse set of temporal parameters including axonal delay and membrane time constant, each of which is critical for the proper functioning of the model. The model requires a specific set of conditions derived from the need of the model to process analogies. Computational results with a network of integrate and fire (IF) neurons suggest that these conditions are indeed necessary, and furthermore, data found in the experimental literature also support these conditions. The model suggests that there is a very good reason for each temporal parameter in the thalamocortical network having a particular value, and that to understand the integrated behavior of the brain, we need to study these parameters simultaneously, not separately.", } @InProceedings{choe:bioadit04, author = "Yoonsuck Choe and S. Kumar Bhamidipati", editor = "A. J. Ijspeert and M. Murata and N. Wakamiya", title = "Autonomous Acquisition of the Meaning of Sensory States Through Sensory-Invariance Driven Action", booktitle = "Biologically Inspired Approaches to Advanced Information Technology", series = "Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3141", publisher = "Springer", address = "Berlin", pages = "176--188", year = 2004, url = "http://www.cs.tamu.edu/faculty/choe/ftp/publications/choe.bioadit04.pdf", } @InProceedings{choe:ijcai97, author = "Yoonsuck Choe and Risto Miikkulainen", title = "Self-Organization and Segmentation with Laterally Connected Spiking Neurons", booktitle = "{P}roceedings of the 15th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", year = 1997, publisher = "San Francisco: Kaufmann", pages = "1120--1125", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?choe:ijcai97", } @Article{choe:neurocomputing98, author = "Yoonsuck Choe and Risto Miikkulainen", title = "Self-Organization and Segmentation in a Laterally Connected Orientation Map of Spiking Neurons", journal = "Neurocomputing", year = 1998, volume = 21, pages = "139--157", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?choe:neurocomputing98", } @InProceedings{choe:aaai00, author = "Yoonsuck Choe and Risto Miikkulainen", title = "A Self-Organizing Neural Network for Contour Integration Through Synchronized Firing", booktitle = "{P}roceedings of the 17th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence and the 12th Annual Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence", year = 2000, site = "Austin, TX", publisher = "AAAI Press", address = "Menlo Park, CA", pages = "123--128", aliases = "choe:aaai2000", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?choe:aaai00", } @Article{choe:bc04, author = "Yoonsuck Choe and Risto Miikkulainen", title = "Contour Integration and Segmentation in a Self-Organizing Map of Spiking Neurons", journal = "Biological Cybernetics", year = 2004, aliases = "choe:bc03", volume = 90, pages = "75--88", url = "http://www.cs.tamu.edu/faculty/choe/ftp/publications/choe.bc04.pdf", } @Article{choe:cns99, author = "Yoonsuck Choe and Risto Miikkulainen and Lawrence K. Cormack", title = "Effects of Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Resource Redistribution in {H}ebbian Weight Adaptation", journal = "Neurocomputing", year = 2000, volume = "32--33", pages = "77--82", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?choe:cns99", } @Article{chouvet:crsas83, author = "G. Chouvet and R. Blois and G. Debilly and Michel Jouvet", title = "La structure d'occurrence des mouvements oculaires rapides du sommeil paradoxal est similaire chez les jumeaux homozygotes [{T}he Structure of the Occurrence of Rapid Eye Movements in Paradoxical Sleep is Similar in Homozygotic Twins]", journal = "Comptes Rendus des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences -- Serie {III}, Sciences de la Vie", volume = 296, number = 22, pages = "1063--1068", year = 1983, } @InCollection{churchland:lsntb94, author = "Patricia S. Churchland and V. S. Ramachandran and Terrence J. Sejnowski", title = "A Critique of Pure Vision", booktitle = "Large Scale Neuronal Theories of the Brain", publisher = "MIT Press", year = 1994, editor = "Cristof Koch and Joel L. Davis", address = "Cambridge, MA", pages = "23--60", } @Book{churchland:computational, author = "Patricia S. Churchland and Terrence J. Sejnowski", title = "The Computational Brain", publisher = "MIT Press", year = 1992, address = "Cambridge, MA", } @Article{clark:tics99, author = "Andy Clark", title = "An Embodied Cognitive Science", journal = "Trends in Cognitive Sciences", volume = 3, year = 1999, pages = "345--351", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10461197", abstract = "The last ten years have seen an increasing interest, within cognitive science, in issues concerning the physical body, the local environment, and the complex interplay between neural systems and the wider world in which they function. Yet many unanswered questions remain, and the shape of a genuinely physically embodied, environmentally embedded science of the mind is still unclear. In this article I will raise a number of critical questions concerning the nature and scope of this approach, drawing a distinction between two kinds of appeal to embodiment: (1) 'Simple' cases, in which bodily and environmental properties merely constrain accounts that retain the focus on inner organization and processing; and (2) More radical appeals, in which attention to bodily and environmental features is meant to transform both the subject matter and the theoretical framework of cognitive science.", } @Article{clifford:pnb02, title = "Fundamental Mechanisms of Visual Motion Detection: {M}odels, Cells and Functions", author = "C. W. Clifford and M. R. Ibbotson", journal = "Progress in Neurobiology", volume = 68, number = 6, pages = "409--437", year = 2002, url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0082(02)00154-5", abstract = "Taking a comparative approach, data from a range of visual species are discussed in the context of ideas about mechanisms of motion detection. The cellular basis of motion detection in the vertebrate retina, sub-cortical structures and visual cortex is reviewed alongside that of the insect optic lobes. Special care is taken to relate concepts from theoretical models to the neural circuitry in biological systems. Motion detection involves spatiotemporal pre-filters, temporal delay filters and non-linear interactions. A number of different types of non-linear mechanism such as facilitation, inhibition and division have been proposed to underlie direction selectivity. The resulting direction-selective mechanisms can be combined to produce speed-tuned motion detectors. Motion detection is a dynamic process with adaptation as a fundamental property. The behavior of adaptive mechanisms in motion detection is discussed, focusing on the informational basis of motion adaptation, its phenomenology in human vision, and its cellular basis. The question of whether motion adaptation serves a function or is simply the result of neural fatigue is critically addressed.", } @InCollection{cohen:dsmcc98, author = "Leslie B. Cohen", title = "An Information-Processing Approach to Infant Perception and Cognition", booktitle = "The Development of Sensory, Motor and Cognitive Capacities in Early Infancy: {F}rom Perception to Cognition", editor = "Francesca Simion and George Butterworth", publisher = "Psychology Press", address = "East Sussex, UK", year = 1998, pages = "277--300", aliases = "cohen:infoproc", } @InCollection{cohen:chpdp03, author = "Leslie B. Cohen and Cara H. Cashon", title = "Infant Perception and Cognition", editor = "M. Ann Easterbrooks and Richard M. Lerner and J. Mistry", booktitle = "Handbook of Psychology, {V}ol.~{VI}: {D}evelopmental Psychology", pages = "65--89", year = 2003, publisher = "Wiley", address = "Hoboken, NJ", ISBN = 0471384054, abstract = "Research on infant perception and cognition has grown exponentially over the past 4 decades. In most respects, this explosion of research has led to spectacular advances in knowledge and appreciation of infants and their abilities. However, this same growth has also led to conflicting theoretical views, contradictory conclusions, and even heated exchanges between investigators, making a coherent picture of infant perceptual and cognitive development difficult to achieve. This chapter cuts through some of the extravagant claims and rhetorical arguments to examine what the evidence really indicates. The authors approach this task from an information-processing point of view by asking 2 interrelated questions: (1) How are infants actually processing the information in their environment? and (2) In what way does that processing change with age and experience? Using this approach, an organized and consistent picture of infant perception and cognition emerges. Also, a number of domain-general propositions seem to help to explain both infants' information processing at a given age and how that processing develops over time. These information-processing principles are described and used to organize the many findings on numerous topics within the domain of infant perception and cognition.", } @TechReport{cohen:tech00, author = "Paul R. Cohen and Carole R. Beal", title = "Natural Semantics for a Mobile Robot", institution = "Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusettes", number = "00-59", address = "Amherst, MA", year = 2000, url = "http://www-eksl.cs.umass.edu/papers/cohen-ECCS99.pdf", } @Article{coltheart:psyrev71, author = "Max Coltheart", title = "Visual Feature-Analyzers and Aftereffects of Tilt and Curvature", journal = "Psychological Review", year = 1971, volume = 78, number = 2, pages = "114--121", } @Article{constantinepaton:arn90, author = "Martha Constantine-Paton and Hollis T. Cline and Elizabeth Debski", title = "Patterned Activity, Synaptic Convergence, and the {NMDA} Receptor in Developing Visual Pathways", journal = "Annual Review of Neuroscience", year = 1990, volume = 13, pages = "129--154", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=2183671", } @Article{paton:science78, title = "Eye-Specific Termination Bands in Tecta of Three-Eyed Frogs", author = "Martha Constantine-Paton and M. I. Law", journal = "Science", volume = 202, number = 4368, pages = "639--641", year = 1978, abstract = "An extra eye primordium was implanted into the forebrain region of embryonic Rana pipiens. During development both normal and supernumerary optic tracts terminated within a single, previously uninnervated tectal lobe. Autoradiographic tracing of either the normal or supernumerary eye's projection revealed distinct, eye-specific bands of radioactivity running rostrocaudally through the dually innervated tectum. Interactions among axons of retinal ganglion cells, possibly mediated through tectal neurons, must be invoked to explain this stereotyped disruption of the normally continuous retinal termination pattern. ", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=309179", } @Article{conway:currbio03, author = "Bevil R. Conway", title = "Colour Vision: {A} Clue to Hue in {V}2", journal = "Current Biology", volume = 13, year = 2003, pages = "308--310", urlfull = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg\&_imagekey=B6VRT-48CW9W3-C-5\&_cdi=6243\&_orig=search\&_coverDate=04\%2F15\%2F2003\&_qd=1\&_sk=999869991\&view=c\&wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkzk\&_acct=C000049198\&_version=1\&_userid=952835\&md5=2506107693ceeee40a9ace7b736ddb23\&ie=f.pdf", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=12699641", abstract = "Where do our brains encode all the colours of the rainbow? We know the neural basis for colour opponency and colour contrast, and recent studies have now provided evidence for the representation of hue in cortical visual area V2.", } @Book{cooper:book04, author = "Leon N. Cooper and Nathan Intrator and Brian S. Blais and Harel Z. Shouval", title = "Theory of Cortical Plasticity", publisher = "World Scientific", address = "Singapore", year = 2004, } @Article{coppola:pnas98, author = "D. M. Coppola and L. E. White and D. Fitzpatrick and D. Purves", title = "Unequal Representation of Cardinal and Oblique Contours in Ferret Visual Cortex", journal = "{P}roceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, {USA}", volume = 95, number = 5, pages = "2621--2623", year = 1998, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9482936", abstract = "We have measured the amount of cortical space activated by differently oriented gratings in 25 adult ferrets by optical imaging of intrinsic signal. On average, 7\% more area of the exposed visual cortex was preferentially activated by vertical and horizontal contours than by contours at oblique angles. This anisotropy may reflect the real-world prevalence of contours in the cardinal axes and could explain the greater sensitivity of many animals to vertical and horizontal stimuli.", } @Article{cormack:visres96, author = "Lawrence K. Cormack and Russell B. Riddle", title = "Binocular Correlation Detection With Oriented Dynamic Random-Line Stereograms", journal = "Vision Research", year = 1996, volume = 36, pages = "2303--2310", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=8776495", abstract = "Stereopsis relies principally on the extraction of horizontal retinal disparities. As such, we assume that the vertical contours (i.e., horizontal contrast energy) are of principle import for stereopsis. Yet there are theoretical reasons for believing that horizontal contours should be involved in binocular matching (if not stereopsis proper) as well. First, they would facilitate the computation of vertical disparities, which are necessary for the control of disjunctive eye movements and perhaps the computation of absolute depth. Second, the process of binocular matching is a two-dimensional one; its solution requires information along both principle orientations. In this study, we have measured the efficacy with which horizontal or vertical contours can be binocularly matched by measuring thresholds for the detection of interocular correlation for oriented dynamic random-line stereograms. We find that the slopes of the psychometric functions are almost a factor of two steeper when matching vertical contours, indicating a narrower noise distribution along the decision axis associated with these stimuli.", } @InCollection{cottrell:wsom01, author = "Marie Cottrell and Eric {de Bodt} and Michel Verleysen", title = "A Statistical Tool to Assess the Reliability of Self-Organizing Maps", booktitle = "Advances in Self-Organizing Maps", pages = "7--14", publisher = "Springer", year = 2001, editor = "Nigel M. Allinson and H. Yin and L. J. Allinson and J. Slack", address = "Berlin", } @Book{cover:book91, title = "Elements of Information Theory", author = "Thomas M. Cover and Joy Thomas", publisher = "Wiley", address = "Hoboken, NJ", year = 1991, } @Article{crabtree:natneuro98, author = "John W. Crabtree and Graham L. Collingridge and John T. R. Isaac", title = "A New Intrathalamic Pathway Linking Modality-Related Nuclei in the Dorsal Thalamus", journal = "Nature Neuroscience", volume = 1, year = 1998, pages = "389--394", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10196529", abstract = "Transmission of sensory information through the dorsal thalamus involves two types of modality-related nuclei, first order and higher order, between which there are thought to be no intrathalamic interactions. We now show that within the somatosensory thalamus, cells in one nucleus, the ventrobasal complex, can influence activity in another nucleus, the medial division of the posterior complex. Stimulation of ventrobasal complex cells evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents in cells of the medial division of the posterior complex. These currents exhibited the reversal potential and pharmacology of a GABAA receptor-mediated chloride conductance, indicating that they result from the activation of a disynaptic pathway involving the GABAergic cells of the thalamic reticular nucleus. These findings provide the first direct evidence for intrathalamic interactions between dorsal thalamic nuclei.", } @Article{crabtree:jn02, author = "John W. Crabtree and John T. R. Isaac", title = "Intrathalamic Pathways Allowing Modality-Related and Cross-Modality Switching in the Dorsal Thalamus", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 22, year = 2002, pages = "8754--8761", } @Article{crair:conb99, title = "Neuronal Activity During Development: {P}ermissive or Instructive?", author = "Michael C. Crair", journal = "Current Opinion in Neurobiology", year = 1999, volume = 9, pages = "88--93", url = "http://biomednet.com/elecref/0959438800900088", abstract = "Experimental studies over the past year have shown that neural activity has a range of effects on the development of neural pathways. Although activity appears unimportant for establishing many aspects of the gross morphology and topology of the brain, there are many cases where the presence of neural activity is essential for the formation of a mature system of neural connections; in some instances, the pattern of neural activity actually orchestrates the final arrangement of neural connections.", } @Article{crair:science98, author = "Michael C. Crair and Deda C. Gillespie and Michael P. Stryker", title = "The Role of Visual Experience in the Development of Columns in Cat Visual Cortex", journal = "Science", year = 1998, volume = 279, pages = "566--570", url = "http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/279/5350/566.pdf", abstract = "The role of experience in the development of the cerebral cortex has long been controversial. Patterned visual experience in the cat begins when the eyes open about a week after birth. Cortical maps for orientation and ocular dominance in the primary visual cortex of cats were found to be present by 2 weeks. Early pattern vision appeared unimportant because these cortical maps developed identically until nearly 3 weeks of age, whether or not the eyes were open. The naïve maps were powerfully dominated by the contralateral eye, and experience was needed for responses to the other eye to become strong, a process unlikely to be strictly Hebbian. With continued visual deprivation, responses to both eyes deteriorated, with a time course parallel to the well-known critical period of cortical plasticity. The basic structure of cortical maps is therefore innate, but experience is essential for specific features of these maps, as well as for maintaining the responsiveness and selectivity of cortical neurons.", } @Article{crair:jcn01, title = "Emergence of Ocular Dominance Columns in Cat Visual Cortex by 2 Weeks of Age", author = "Michael C. Crair and J. C. Horton and A. Antonini and M. P. Stryker", journal = "The Journal of Comparative Neurology", volume = 430, number = 2, pages = "235--249", year = 2001, url = "http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/76504557/START", abstract = "Previous anatomic studies of the geniculocortical projection showed that ocular dominance columns emerge by 3 weeks of age in cat visual cortex, but recent optical imaging experiments have revealed a pattern of physiologic eye dominance by the end of the second week of life. We used two methods to search for an anatomic correlate of this early functional ocular dominance pattern. First, retrograde labeling of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) inputs to areas of cortex preferentially activated by one eye showed that the geniculocortical projection was already partially segregated by eye at postnatal day 14 (P14). Second, transneuronal label of geniculocortical afferents in flattened sections of cortex after a tracer injection into one eye showed a periodic pattern at P14 but not at P7. In the classic model for the development of ocular dominance columns, initially overlapping geniculocortical afferents segregate by means of an activity-dependent competitive process. Our data are consistent with this model but suggest that ocular dominance column formation begins between P7 and P14, approximately a week earlier than previously believed. The functional and anatomic data also reveal an early developmental bias toward contralateral eye afferents. This initial developmental bias is not consistent with a strictly Hebbian model for geniculocortical afferent segregation. The emergence of ocular dominance columns before the onset of the critical period for visual deprivation also suggests that the mechanisms for ocular dominance column formation may be partially distinct from those mediating plasticity later in life.", } @Article{crair:nature95, issn = "0028-0836", title = "A Critical Period for Long-Term Potentiation at Thalamocortical Synapses", author = "M. C. Crair and R. C. Malenka", journal = "Nature", volume = 375, number = 6529, pages = "325--328", year = 1995, url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/375325a0", abstract = "In mammalian development, the refinement of topographical projections from the thalamus to the cortex is thought to arise through an activity-dependent process in which thalamic axons compete for cortical targets. In support of this view, if activity is altered during a critical period in early development, normal connectivity is disrupted. It has been proposed that synaptic connections are strengthened during development by correlated pre- and postsynaptic activity, and a likely mechanism for this process would be N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP). However, the evidence that LTP is involved in normal development remains inconclusive. We have examined LTP in the thalamocortical synapses that form whisker barrels in rat somatosensory cortex (S1). We report here that the period during which LTP can be induced matches closely the critical period during which the barrels can be modified by sensory perturbations. Moreover, the loss of susceptibility to LTP with age is accompanied by a decrease in NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents. These findings provide compelling evidence that LTP is important for the development of cortical circuitry. ", } @Article{crick:searchlight, author = "Francis Crick", title = "Function of the Thalamic Reticular Complex: {T}he Searchlight Hypothesis", journal = "{P}roceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, {USA}", year = 1984, volume = 81, pages = "4586--4950", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=6589612", abstract = "It is suggested that in the brain the internal attentional searchlight, proposed by Treisman and others, is controlled by the reticular complex of the thalamus (including the closely related perigeniculate nucleus) and that the expression of the searchlight is the production of rapid bursts of firing in a subset of thalamic neurons. It is also suggested that the conjunctions produced by the attentional searchlight are mediated by rapidly modifiable synapses--here called Malsburg synapses--and especially by rapid bursts acting on them. The activation of Malsburg synapses is envisaged as producing transient cell assemblies, including 'vertical' ones that temporarily unite neurons at different levels in the neural hierarchy.", } @Article{crowley:natneurosci99, title = "Development of Ocular Dominance Columns in the Absence of Retinal Input", author = "J. C. Crowley and L. C. Katz", urlfull = "http://library.neurosci.nature.com/server-java/Propub/neuro/nn1299_1125.fulltext", url = "http://library.neurosci.nature.com/server-java/Propub/neuro/nn1299_1125.abstract", journal = "Nature Neuroscience", volume = 2, number = 12, pages = "1125--1130", year = 1999, abstract = "The initial establishment of ocular dominance columns in visual cortex is believed to involve the segregation of overlapping geniculocortical axons into eye-specific patches based on patterns of correlated activity. However, we found that total removal of retinal influence early in visual development did not prevent segregation of geniculocortical axons into alternating stripes with periodicity normal for ocular dominance columns. Because the patterning of geniculocortical afferents resists this dramatic change in the level, source and pattern of spontaneous activity, we propose that formation of ocular dominance columns relies on molecular cues present on thalamic axons, cortical cells or both.", } @Article{crowley:science00, author = "Justin C. Crowley and Lawrence C. Katz", title = "Early Development of Ocular Dominance Columns", journal = "Science", year = 2000, volume = 290, pages = "1321--1324", url = "http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/290/5495/1321", abstract = "The segregation of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) axons into ocular dominance columns is believed to involve a prolonged, activity-dependent sorting process. However, visualization of early postnatal ferret LGN axons by direct LGN tracer injections revealed segregated ocular dominance columns <7 days after innervation of layer 4. These early columns were unaffected by experimentally induced imbalances in retinal activity, implying that different mechanisms govern initial column formation and their modification during the subsequent critical period. Instead of activity-dependent plasticity, we propose that ocular dominance column formation relies on the targeting of distinct axonal populations to defined locales in cortical layer 4.", } @InProceedings{curuklu:ciras03, author = "B. {\c{C}}{\"u}r{\"u}kl{\"u} and A. Lansner", title = "Quantitative Assessment of the Local and Long-Range Horizontal Connections Within the Striate Cortex", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems", publisher = "IEEE", address = "Piscataway, NJ", year = 2003, url = "http://www.mrtc.mdh.se/publications/0582.pdf", site = "Singapore", } @Article{dailey:nn99, title = "Organization of Face and Object Recognition in Modular Neural Network Models", journal = "Neural Networks", year = 1999, volume = 12, number = 7, pages = "1053--1074", author = "Matthew N. Dailey and Garrison W. Cottrell", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=12662645", abstract = "There is strong evidence that face processing in the brain is localized. The double dissociation between prosopagnosia, a face recognition deficit occurring after brain damage, and visual object agnosia, difficulty recognizing other kinds of complex objects, indicates that face and non-face object recognition may be served by partially independent neural mechanisms. In this paper, we use computational models to show how the face processing specialization apparently underlying prosopagnosia and visual object agnosia could be attributed to (1) a relatively simple competitive selection mechanism that, during development, devotes neural resources to the tasks they are best at performing, (2) the developing infant's need to perform subordinate classification (identification) of faces early on, and (3) the infant's low visual acuity at birth. Inspired by de Schonen, Mancini and Liegeois' arguments (1998) [de Schonen, S., Mancini, J., Liegeois, F. (1998). About functional cortical specialization: the development of face recognition. In: F. Simon & G. Butterworth, The development of sensory, motor, and cognitive capacities in early infancy (pp. 103-116). Hove, UK: Psychology Press] that factors like these could bias the visual system to develop a processing subsystem particularly useful for face recognition, and Jacobs and Kosslyn's experiments (1994) [Jacobs, R. A., & Kosslyn, S. M. (1994). Encoding shape and spatial relations-the role of receptive field size in coordination complementary representations. Cognitive Science, 18(3), 361-368] in the mixtures of experts (ME) modeling paradigm, we provide a preliminary computational demonstration of how this theory accounts for the double dissociation between face and object processing. We present two feed-forward computational models of visual processing. In both models, the selection mechanism is a gating network that mediates a competition between modules attempting to classify input stimuli. In Model I, when the modules are simple unbiased classifiers, the competition is sufficient to achieve enough of a specialization that damaging one module impairs the model's face recognition more than its object recognition, and damaging the other module impairs the model's object recognition more than its face recognition. However, the model is not completely satisfactory because it requires a search of parameter space. With Model II, we explore biases that lead to more consistent specialization. We bias the modules by providing one with low spatial frequency information and the other with high spatial frequency information. In this case, when the model's task is subordinate classification of faces and superordinate classification of objects, the low spatial frequency network shows an even stronger specialization for faces. No other combination of tasks and inputs shows this strong specialization. We take these results as support for the idea that something resembling a face processing 'module' could arise as a natural consequence of the infant's developmental environment without being innately specified.", } @Article{dalva:rearrangements, author = "Matthew B. Dalva and Lawrence C. Katz", title = "Rearrangements of Synaptic Connections in Visual Cortex Revealed by Laser Photostimulation", journal = "Science", month = "July", year = 1994, volume = 265, pages = "255--258", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=7912852", abstract = "Assessing patterns of synaptic connections in the developing mammalian neocortex has relied primarily on anatomical studies. In a physiological approach described here, the patterns of synaptic connections in slices of developing ferret visual cortex were determined with scanning laser photostimulation. Functional synaptic inputs to pyramidal cells in cortical layers 2 and 3 originating from sites close to the neuronal cell body appeared at least 2 weeks before eye opening, prior to the formation of long-range horizontal connections. Extensive long-range horizontal connections appeared in the next 10 days of development. The number of local connections peaked at the time of eye opening; the number of these connections subsequently declined to the level found in the adult while the specificity of long-distance connections increased. Thus, the relative influence of local connections on the activity of layer 2 and layer 3 neurons declines as the cortex matures while the influence of longer range connections increases substantially.", } @Article{gilbert:topographic, author = "Corinna Darian-Smith and C. D. Gilbert", title = "Topographic Reorganization in the Striate Cortex of the Adult Cat and Monkey Is Cortically Mediated", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", year = 1995, volume = 15, month = "March", pages = "1631--1647", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=7891124", abstract = "In primary sensory and motor cortex of adult animals, alteration of input from the periphery leads to changes in cortical topography. These changes can be attributed to processes that are intrinsic to the cortex, or can be inherited from alterations occurring at stages of sensory processing that are antecedent to the primary sensory cortical areas. In the visual system, focal binocular retinal lesions initially silence an area of cortex that represents the region of retina destroyed, but over a period of months this area recovers visually driven activity. The retinotopic map in the recovered area is altered, shifting its representation to the portion of retina immediately surrounding the lesion. This effectively shrinks the representation of the lesioned area of retina, and expands the representation of the lesion surround. To determine the loci along the visual pathway at which the reorganization takes place, we compared the course of topographic alterations in the primary visual cortex and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of cats and monkeys. At a time when the cortical reorganization is complete, the silent area of LGN persists, indicating that changes in cortical topography are due to alterations that are intrinsic to the cortex. To explore the participation of thalamocortical afferents in the reorganization, we injected a series of retrogradely transported fluorescent tracers into reorganized and surrounding cortex of each animal. Our results show that the thalamocortical arbors do not extend beyond their normal lateral territory and that this physical dimension is insufficient to account for the reorganization. We suggest that the long-range intrinsic horizontal connections are a likely source of visual input into the reorganized cortical area.", } @Article{das:nature97, author = "Aniruddha Das and Charles D. Gilbert", title = "Distortions of Visuotopic Map Match Orientation Singularities in Primary Visual Cortex", journal = "Nature", volume = 387, year = 1997, pages = "594--598", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9177346", abstract = "The map of orientation columns in primary visual cortex (V1) is known to show strong local distortions, with a generally smooth progression of orientation preference across extended regions of cortex, interrupted by sharp jumps (fractures) and point singularities. The map of visual space on V1, in contrast, has been assumed to be locally smooth and isotropic. We find, on the contrary, that the map of visual space on cat V1 shows strong and systematic local distortions in register with inhomogeneities in the orientation map, with the rate of receptive field movement across cortex being largely proportional to the local rate of change of orientation. This suggests possible systematic local variations in the functional connectivity of short-range lateral connections that underlie local cortical processing.", } @Article{datta:cmn97, author = "Subimal Datta", title = "Cellular Basis of Pontine Ponto-Geniculo-Occipital Wave Generation and Modulation", journal = "Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology", volume = 17, number = 3, pages = "341--365", year = 1997, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9187490", abstract = "1. Pontogeniculooccipital (PGO) waves are recorded during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep from the pontine reticular formation. 2. PGO wave-like field potentials can also be recorded in many other parts of the brain in addition to the pontine reticular formation, but their distribution is different in different species. Species differences are due to variation in species-specific postsynaptic target sites of the pontine PGO generator. 3. The triggering neurons of the pontine PGO wave generator are located within the caudolateral peribrachial and the locus subceruleus areas. 4. The transferring neurons of the pontine PGO generator are located within the cholinergic neurons of the laterodorsal tegmentum and the pedunculopontine tegmentum. 5. The triggering and transferring neurons of the pontine PGO wave generator are modulated by aminergic, cholinergic, nitroxergic, GABA-ergic, and glycinergic cells of the brainstem. The PGO system is also modulated by suprachiasmatic, amygdaloid, vestibular, and brainstem auditory cell groups.", } @Article{daugman:vres80, author = "J. G. Daugman", title = "Two-Dimensional Spectral Analysis of Cortical Receptive Field Profiles", journal = "Vision Research", volume = 20, year = 1980, pages = "847--856", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=7467139", } @Book{daw:visdevel95, author = "Nigel Daw", title = "Visual Development", publisher = "Plenum Press", address = "New York", year = 1995, } @Article{dayan:nc93, title = "Arbitrary Elastic Topologies and Ocular Dominance", author = "P. Dayan", journal = "Neural Computation", volume = 5, year = 1993, pages = "392--401", abstract = "The elastic net, which has been used to produce accounts of the formation of topology-preserving maps and ocular dominance stripes (OD), embodies a nearest neighbor topology. A Hebbian account of OD is not so restricted-and indeed makes the prediction that the width of the stripes depends on the nature of the (more general) neighborhood relations. Elastic and Hebbian accounts have recently been unified, raising a question mark about their different determiners of stripe widths. This paper considers this issue, and demonstrates theoretically that it is possible to use more general topologies in the elastic net, including those effectively adopted in the Hebbian model", } @Book{dayan:book01, author = "Peter Dayan and L. F. Abbott", title = "Theoretical Neuroscience: {C}omputational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems", year = 2001, publisher = "MIT Press", address = "Cambridge, MA", url = "http://play.ccs.brandeis.edu/abbott/book/", } @Article{dayan:nc95, author = "Peter Dayan and Geoffrey E. Hinton and Radford M. Neal and Richard S. Zemel", title = "The {H}elmholtz Machine", journal = "Neural Computation", year = 1995, volume = 7, pages = "889--904", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=7584891", abstract = "Discovering the structure inherent in a set of patterns is a fundamental aim of statistical inference or learning. One fruitful approach is to build a parameterized stochastic generative model, independent draws from which are likely to produce the patterns. For all but the simplest generative models, each pattern can be generated in exponentially many ways. It is thus intractable to adjust the parameters to maximize the probability of the observed patterns. We describe a way of finessing this combinatorial explosion by maximizing an easily computed lower bound on the probability of the observations. Our method can be viewed as a form of hierarchical self-supervised learning that may relate to the function of bottom-up and top-down cortical processing pathways.", } @Article{degelder:neuroreport00, issn = "0959-4965", title = "Configural Face Processes in Acquired and Developmental Prosopagnosia: {E}vidence for Two Separate Face Systems", author = "B. {de Gelder} and R. Rouw", journal = "Neuroreport", volume = 11, number = 14, pages = "3145--3150", year = 2000, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=11043539", abstract = "Configural face processes were tested using face recognition and face detection tasks in a comparison of acquired and developmental prosopagnosia. In the recognition task the two patients showed a very different pattern. The developmental patient does not show an inversion effect while the acquired prosopagnosia patient is better at matching inverted than normal stimuli. Moreover, there is no effect of face context on matching features in the developmental case while the acquired prosopagnosia patient shows a strong negative effect of context. However, in a speeded face detection task both patients are similarly unimpaired. The results are consistent with the existence of two separate face systems, one involved in face detection and the other in face recognition.", } @Article{degelder:actapsy01, issn = "0001-6918", title = "Beyond Localisation: {A} Dynamical Dual Route Account of Face Recognition", author = "B. {de Gelder} and R. Rouw", journal = "Acta Psychologica", url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V5T-42VM8R7-9/1/388890af5a75a13a2816ade977a95818", volume = 107, number = "1-3", pages = "183--207", year = 2001, abstract = "After decades of research the notion that faces are special is still at the heart of heated debates. New techniques like brain imaging have advanced some of the arguments but empirical data from brain-damaged patients like paradoxical recognition effects have required more complex explanations aside from localisation of the face area in normal adults. In this paper we focus on configural face processes and discuss configural processes in prosopagnosics in the light of findings obtained in brain-imaging studies. In order to account for data like paradoxical face recognition effects we propose a dual route model of face recognition. The model is based on the distinction between two separate aspects of face recognition, detection and identification, considered as dynamical and interrelated. In this perspective the face detection system appears as the stronger candidate for face-specific processes. The face identification system on the other hand is part of the object recognition system but derives its specificity in part from interaction with the face-specific detection system. The fact that face detection appears intact in some patients provides us with a possible explanation for the interference of configural processes on feature-based identification.", } @InCollection{dehaan:hdcn01, author = "Michelle {de Haan}", title = "The Neuropsychology of Face Processing During Infancy and Childhood", booktitle = "Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience", editor = "C. A. Nelson and M. Luciana", year = 2001, publisher = "MIT Press", address = "Cambridge, MA", pages = "381--398", } @PhdThesis{desa:phd94, author = "V. R. de Sa", title = "Unsupervised Classification Learning from Cross-Modal Environmental Structure", school = "Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester", year = 1994, address = "Rochester, NY", } @InCollection{desa:psylm97, author = "V. R. de Sa and D. H. Ballard", title = "Perceptual Learning from Cross-Modal Feedback", booktitle = "Perceptual Learning", editor = "R. L. Goldstone and P. G. Schyns and D. L. Medin", series = "Psychology of Learning and Motivation", publisher = "Academic Press", address = "San Diego, CA", volume = 36, pages = "309--351", year = 1997, } @InCollection{deschonen:dsmcc98, author = "Scania {de Schonen} and J. Mancini and Frederique Liegeois", title = "About Functional Cortical Specialization: {T}he Development of Face Recognition", booktitle = "The Development of Sensory, Motor and Cognitive Capacities in Early Infancy: {F}rom Perception to Cognition", editor = "Francesca Simion and George Butterworth", publisher = "Psychology Press", address = "East Sussex, UK", year = 1998, pages = "103--120", } @Article{deschutter:jnp94, author = "Erik {De Schutter} and James M. Bower", title = "An Active Membrane Model of the Cerebellar {P}urkinje Cell. {I}", journal = "Journal of Neurophysiology", volume = 71, year = 1994, pages = "375--400", } @Article{deschutter:jnp94b, author = "Erik {De Schutter} and James M. Bower", title = "An Active Membrane Model of the Cerebellar {P}urkinje Cell. {II}", journal = "Journal of Neurophysiology", volume = 71, year = 1994, pages = "401--419", } @Article{devalois:inhibition, author = "K. K. {De Valois} and R. B. H. Tootell", title = "Spatial-Frequency-Specific Inhibition in Cat Striate Cortex Cells", journal = "The Journal of Physiology", year = 1983, volume = 336, pages = "359--376", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=6875912", abstract = "Responses to single and multiple spatial frequency gratings were recorded from eighty-eight cat striate cortex cells. A cell's response to a grating of its optimum spatial frequency (f) was examined both alone and in the presence of gratings of 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 2, 3 and 4f, respectively. Some 97\% (thirty-seven of thirty-eight) of all simple cells showed significant inhibition of f by one or more of the other frequencies. This inhibition was usually fairly narrowly tuned, with only one or two spatial frequencies producing significant inhibition. Thirty-four simple cells were maximally inhibited by a higher frequency, three by a lower spatial frequency. By far the most common interaction was a considerable inhibition of f by 2f and/or 3f. Of the thirty-seven simple cells showing inhibition to a complex grating, seventeen responded in a manner dependent on the relative phases of the two components. Some showed only inhibition of f; in others, the response to f was either increased or decreased, depending on the relative phase of the two frequencies. The other twenty simple cells showed phase-independent inhibition: the inhibition was of approximately equal amplitude regardless of the relative phase angle of the two grating components. Such phase-independent inhibition cannot be accounted for by linear summation within classical cortical receptive fields. Only eighteen of forty-eight (38\%) of the complex cells showed significant inhibition of f by one or more other spatial frequencies. Fourteen of these (29\%) were maximally inhibited by a higher spatial frequency, four (8\%) by a lower spatial frequency. Inhibitory interactions in complex cells were never dependent on the relative phase of the two component gratings. Six simple cells (16\%) and fourteen complex cells (29\%) showed significant facilitation of the response to f by one or more (most often lower) spatial frequencies. This enhanced response was greater than the sum of the responses to each component alone, was usually broadly tuned for spatial frequency, and did not depend on the relative phase of the two components. It thus differs from the increased response sometimes seen in a phase-dependent interaction. Some of the observed spatial-frequency-specific interactions are incompatible with either a strictly hierarchical model of cortical architecture or a simple linear filter model of visual cortical processing. The asymmetry of inhibition suggests that it subserves some function other than (or in addition to) the narrowing of spatial frequency tuning functions.", } @Article{deangelis:jn99, author = "G. C. DeAngelis and G. M. Ghose and I. Ohzawa and R. D. Freeman", title = "Functional Micro-Organization of Primary Visual Cortex: {R}eceptive Field Analysis of Nearby Neurons", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 19, number = 10, pages = "4046--4064", year = 1999, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10234033", abstract = "It is well established that multiple stimulus dimensions (e.g., orientation and spatial frequency) are mapped onto the surface of striate cortex. However, the detailed organization of neurons within a local region of striate cortex remains unclear. Within a vertical column, do all neurons have the same response selectivities? And if not, how do they most commonly differ and why? To address these questions, we recorded from nearby pairs of simple cells and made detailed spatiotemporal maps of their receptive fields. From these maps, we extracted and analyzed a variety of response metrics. Our results provide new insights into the local organization of striate cortex. First, we show that nearby neurons seldom have very similar receptive fields, when these fields are characterized in space and time. Thus, there may be less redundancy within a column than previously thought. Moreover, we show that correlated discharge increases with receptive field similarity; thus, the local dissimilarity between neurons may allow for noise reduction by response pooling. Second, we show that several response variables are clustered within striate cortex, including some that have not received much attention such as response latency and temporal frequency. We also demonstrate that other parameters are not clustered, including the spatial phase (or symmetry) of the receptive field. Third, we show that spatial phase is the single parameter that accounts for most of the difference between receptive fields of nearby neurons. We consider the implications of this local diversity of spatial phase for population coding and construction of higher-order receptive fields.", } @Article{deangelis:jnp93, title = "Spatiotemporal Organization Of Simple-Cell Receptive Fields in the Cat's Striate Cortex. {I}. {G}eneral Characteristics and Postnatal Development", author = "Gregory C. DeAngelis and Izumi Ohzawa and Ralph D. Freeman", journal = "Journal of Neurophysiology", year = 1993, month = "April", volume = 69, number = 4, pages = "1091--1117", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=8492151", abstract = "1. Most studies of cortical neurons have focused on the spatial structure of receptive fields. For a more complete functional description of these neurons, it is necessary to consider receptive-field structure in the joint domain of space and time. We have studied the spatiotemporal receptive-field structure of 233 simple cells recorded from the striate cortex of adult cats and kittens at 4 and 8 wk postnatal. The dual goal of this study is to provide a detailed quantitative description of spatiotemporal receptive-field structure and to compare the developmental time courses of spatial and temporal response properties. 2. Spatiotemporal receptive-field profiles have been measured with the use of a reverse correlation method, in which we compute the cross-correlation between a neuron's response and a random sequence of small, briefly presented bright and dark stimuli. The receptive-field profiles of some simple cells are space-time separable, meaning that spatial and temporal response characteristics can be dissociated. Other cells have receptive-field profiles that are space-time inseparable. In these cases, a particular spatial location cannot be designated, unambiguously, as belonging to either an on or off subregion. However, separate on and off subregions may be clearly distinguished in the joint space-time domain. These subregions are generally tilted along an oblique axis. 3. Our observations show that spatial and temporal aspects of receptive-field structure mature with clearly different time courses. By 4 wk postnatal, the spatial symmetry and periodicity of simple-cell receptive fields have reached maturity. The spatial extent (or size) of these receptive fields is adult-like by 8 wk postnatal. In contrast, the response latency and time duration of spatiotemporal receptive fields do not mature until well beyond 8 wk postnatal. 4. By applying Fourier analysis to spatiotemporal receptive-field profiles, we have examined the postnatal development of spatial and temporal selectivity in the frequency domain. By 8 wk postnatal, spatial frequency tuning has clearly reached maturity. On the contrary, temporal frequency selectivity remains markedly immature at 8 wk. We have also examined the joint distribution of optimal spatial and temporal frequencies. From 4 wk postnatal until 8 wk postnatal, the range of optimal spatial frequencies increases substantially, whereas the range of optimal temporal frequencies remains largely unchanged. From 8 wk postnatal until adulthood, there is a large increase in optimal temporal frequencies for cells tuned to low spatial frequencies. For cells tuned to high spatial frequencies, the distribution of optimal temporal frequencies does not change much beyond 8 wk postnatal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", } @Article{deangelis:tins95, author = "Gregory C. DeAngelis and Izumi Ohzawa and Ralph D. Freeman", title = "Receptive-Field Dynamics in the Central Visual Pathways", journal = "Trends in Neurosciences", year = 1995, volume = 18, pages = "451--458", url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T0V-3Y6PFWH-10/1/e97cae8c16a004709cfb52b3f2d5bff0", abstract = "Neurons in the central visual pathways process visual images within a localized region of space, and a restricted epoch of time. Although the receptive field (RF) of a visually responsive neuron is inherently a spatiotemporal entity, most studies have focused exclusively on spatial aspects of RF structure. Recently, however, the application of sophisticated RF-mapping techniques has enabled neurophysiologists to characterize RFs in the joint domain of space and time. Studies that use these techniques have revealed that neurons in the geniculostriate pathway exhibit striking RF dynamics. For a majority of cells, the spatial structure of the RF changes as a function of time; thus, these RFs can be characterized adequately only in the space-time domain. In this review, the spatiotemporal RF structure of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus and primary visual cortex is discussed.", } @Article{desai:natneuro99, author = "N. S. Desai and L. C. Rutherford and G. G. Turrigiano", title = "Plasticity in the Intrinsic Excitability of Cortical Pyramidal Neurons", journal = "Nature Neuroscience", volume = 2, year = 1999, pages = "515--520", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10448215", abstract = "During learning and development, the level of synaptic input received by cortical neurons may change dramatically. Given a limited range of possible firing rates, how do neurons maintain responsiveness to both small and large synaptic inputs? We demonstrate that in response to changes in activity, cultured cortical pyramidal neurons regulate intrinsic excitability to promote stability in firing. Depriving pyramidal neurons of activity for two days increased sensitivity to current injection by selectively regulating voltage-dependent conductances. This suggests that one mechanism by which neurons maintain sensitivity to different levels of synaptic input is by altering the function relating current to firing rate.", } @Article{diamond:bgenetics74, author = "S. Diamond", title = "Four Hundred Years of Instinct Controversy", journal = "Behavior Genetics", year = 1974, volume = 4, pages = "237--252", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=4606558", } @Article{doi:nc03, author = "E. Doi and T. Inui and T.-W. Lee and T. Wachtler and T. J. Sejnowski", title = "Spatio-Chromatic Receptive Field Properties Derived from Information-Theoretic Analyses of Cone Mosaic Responses to Natural Scenes", journal = "Neural Computation", volume = 15, year = 2003, pages = "397--417", } @InCollection{dong:decorrelation, author = "Dawei W. Dong", title = "Associative Decorrelation Dynamics: {A} Theory of Self-Organization and Optimization in Feedback Networks", booktitle = "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 7", year = 1995, editor = "Gerald Tesauro and David S. Touretzky and Todd K. Leen", publisher = "Cambridge, MA: MIT Press", url = "ftp://ftp.ci.tuwien.ac.at/pub/texmf/bibtex/nips-7.bib", pages = "925--932", } @InCollection{dong:htmlbook96-article, author = "Dawei W. Dong", editor = "Joseph Sirosh and Risto Miikkulainen and Yoonsuck Choe", title = "Associative Decorrelation Dynamics in Visual Cortex", booktitle = "Lateral Interactions in the Cortex: {S}tructure and Function", publisher = "The UTCS Neural Networks Research Group", address = "Austin, TX", year = 1996, url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/web-pubs/htmlbook96/dong", note = "Electronic book, ISBN 0-9647060-0-8, http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/web-pubs/htmlbook96", } @Article{dong:network92, author = "Dawei W. Dong and John J. Hopfield", title = "Dynamic Properties of Neural Networks with Adapting Synapses", journal = "Network", year = 1992, volume = 3, pages = "267--283", } @Article{douglas:recurrent, author = "Rodney J. Douglas and Christof Koch and Misha Mahowald and Kevan A. C. Martin and Humbert H. Suarez", title = "Recurrent Excitation in Neocortical Circuits", journal = "Science", year = 1995, volume = 269, pages = "981--985", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=7638624", abstract = "The majority of synapses in the mammalian cortex originate from cortical neurons. Indeed, the largest input to cortical cells comes from neighboring excitatory cells. However, most models of cortical development and processing do not reflect the anatomy and physiology of feedback excitation and are restricted to serial feedforward excitation. This report describes how populations of neurons in cat visual cortex can use excitatory feedback, characterized as an effective 'network conductance', to amplify their feedforward input signals and demonstrates how neuronal discharge can be kept proportional to stimulus strength despite strong, recurrent connections that threaten to cause runaway excitation. These principles are incorporated into models of cortical direction and orientation selectivity that emphasize the basic design principles of cortical architectures.", } @Article{douglas:arn04, author = "Rodney J. Douglas and Kevan A. C. Martin", title = "Neuronal Circuits of the Neocortex", journal = "Annual Review of Neuroscience", volume = 27, year = 2004, pages = "419--451", url = "http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146\%2Fannurev.neuro.27.070203.144152", abstract = "We explore the extent to which neocortical circuits generalize, i.e., to what extent can neocortical neurons and the circuits they form be considered as canonical? We find that, as has long been suspected by cortical neuroanatomists, the same basic laminar and tangential organization of the excitatory neurons of the neocortex is evident wherever it has been sought. Similarly, the inhibitory neurons show characteristic morphology and patterns of connections throughout the neocortex. We offer a simple model of cortical processing that is consistent with the major features of cortical circuits: The superficial layer neurons within local patches of cortex, and within areas, cooperate to explore all possible interpretations of different cortical input and cooperatively select an interpretation consistent with their various cortical and subcortical inputs.", } @InCollection{doya:nips94, author = "Kenji Doya and Allen I. Selverston and Peter F. Rowat", title = "A {H}odgkin-{H}uxley Type Neuron Model That Learns Slow Non-Spike Oscillation", booktitle = "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 7", year = 1995, editor = "Gerald Tesauro and David S. Touretzky and Todd K. Leen", publisher = "Cambridge, MA: MIT Press", url = "ftp://ftp.ci.tuwien.ac.at/pub/texmf/bibtex/nips-7.bib", pages = "566--573", } @Article{dragoi:natneurosci02, title = "Dynamics of Neuronal Sensitivity in Visual Cortex and Local Feature Discrimination", author = "Valentin Dragoi and Jitendra Sharma and Earl K. Miller and Mriganka Sur", journal = "Nature Neuroscience", volume = 5, number = 9, pages = "883--891", year = 2002, abstract = "A striking aspect of natural scenes is that image features such as line orientation are strongly correlated at neighboring spatial locations but not at distant locations. Thus, during the viewing of a scene, eye movements are often accompanied by a change in the orientation structure of the image. How does this behavior influence the discrimination of local features and their encoding by visual cortical neurons? Here we examined the perceived changes in orientation induced by brief exposure to oriented image patterns in monkeys and humans, and then used reverse correlation to investigate dynamic changes in neuronal sensitivity in the primary visual cortex (V1) of behaving monkeys. Whereas brief adaptation to an oriented grating impaired identification of nearby orientations by broadening orientation selectivity and changing the preferred orientation of individual V1 neurons, it actually enhanced the identification of orthogonal orientations by sharpening neuronal selectivity. Hence, successive exposure to image patches of dissimilar spatial structure enhances both the ability to discriminate local features and the encoding of these features by V1 neurons. ", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=12161755", } @Article{dragoi:neuron00, title = "Adaptation-Induced Plasticity of Orientation Tuning in Adult Visual Cortex", author = "Valentin Dragoi and Jitendra Sharma and Mriganka Sur", journal = "Neuron", volume = 28, number = 1, pages = "287--298", year = 2000, url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00103-3", abstract = "A key emergent property of the primary visual cortex (V1) is the orientation selectivity of its neurons. The extent to which adult visual cortical neurons can exhibit changes in orientation selectivity is unknown. Here we use single-unit recording and intrinsic signal imaging in V1 of adult cats to demonstrate systematic repulsive shifts in orientation preference following short-term exposure (adaptation) to one stimulus orientation. In contrast to the common view of adaptation as a passive process by which responses around the adapting orientation are reduced, we show that changes in orientation tuning also occur due to response increases at orientations away from the adapting stimulus. Adaptation-induced orientation plasticity is thus an active time-dependent process that involves network interactions and includes both response depression and enhancement. ", } @Article{durbin:dimension, author = "Richard Durbin and Graeme Mitchison", title = "A Dimension Reduction Framework for Understanding Cortical Maps", journal = "Nature", year = 1990, volume = 343, pages = "644--647", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=2304536", abstract = "We argue that cortical maps, such as those for ocular dominance, orientation and retinotopic position in primary visual cortex, can be understood in terms of dimension-reducing mappings from many-dimensional parameter spaces to the surface of the cortex. The goal of these mappings is to preserve as far as possible neighbourhood relations in parameter space so that local computations in parameter space can be performed locally in the cortex. We have found that, in a simple case, certain self-organizing models generate maps that are near-optimally local, in the sense that they come close to minimizing the neuronal wiring required for local operations. When these self-organizing models are applied to the task of simultaneously mapping retinotopic position and orientation, they produce maps with orientation vortices resembling those produced in primary visual cortex. This approach also yields a new prediction, which is that the mapping of position in visual cortex will be distorted in the orientation fracture zones.", } @Article{easterbrook:ibd99, author = "Megan A. Easterbrook and B. S. Kisilevsky and S. M. J. Hains and D. W. Muir", title = "{Faceness} or Complexity: {E}vidence from Newborn Visual Tracking of Facelike Stimuli", journal = "Infant Behavior and Development", year = 1999, volume = 22, number = 1, pages = "17--35", url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W4K-3XDJJ82-3/1/407708c5e4bcfc0eec62e25751ccf4e3", } @Article{eckhorn:tnn99, author = "Reinhard Eckhorn", title = "Neural Mechanisms of Scene Segmentation: {R}ecordings from the Visual Cortex Suggest Basic Circuits for Linking Field Models", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks", volume = 10, year = 1999, pages = "464--479", } @Article{eckhorn:coherent, author = "R. Eckhorn and R. Bauer and W. Jordan and M. Kruse and W. Munk and H. J. Reitboeck", title = "Coherent Oscillations: {A} Mechanism of Feature Linking in the Visual Cortex?", journal = "Biological Cybernetics", year = 1988, volume = 60, pages = "121--130", } @Article{eckhorn:tnn04, author = "R. Eckhorn and A. M. Gail and A. Bruns and A. Gabriel and B. Al-Shaikhli and M. Saam", title = "Different Types of Signal Coupling in the Visual Cortex Related to Neural Mechanisms of Associative Processing and Perception", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks", volume = 15, year = 2004, pages = "1039--1052", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=15484881", abstract = "The hypothesis of object representation by synchronization in the visual cortex has been supported by our recent experiments in monkeys. They demonstrated local synchrony among gamma activities (30-90 Hz) and their perceptual modulation, according to the rules of figure-ground segregation. However, gamma-synchrony in primary visual cortex is restricted to few mm, challenging the synchronization hypothesis for larger cortical object representations. The restriction is due to randomly changing phase relations among locally synchronized patches which, however, form continuous waves of gamma-activity, traveling across object representations. The phase continuity of these waves may support coding of object continuity. Interactions across still larger distances, measured among cortical areas in human data, involve amplitude envelopes of gamma signals. Based on models with spiking neurons we discuss potentially underlying mechanisms. Most important for gamma synchronization are local facilitatory connections with distance-dependent delays. They also explain the occurrence of gamma waves and the restriction of gamma-synchrony. Fast local feedback inhibition generates gamma oscillations and supports local synchrony, while slow shunting inhibitory feedback supports figure-ground segregation. Finally, dispersion in inter-areal far projections destroys coherence of gamma signals, but preserves their amplitude modulations. In conclusion, we propose that the hypothesis of associative processing by gamma synchronization be extended to more general forms of signal coupling.", } @Article{eckhorn:linking, author = "R. Eckhorn and H. J. Reitboeck and M. Arndt and P. Dicke", title = "Feature Linking via Synchronization Among Distributed Assemblies: {S}imulations of Results from Cat Visual Cortex", journal = "Neural Computation", year = 1990, volume = 2, pages = "293--307", } @InCollection{edelman:htmlbook96-article, author = "Shimon Edelman", editor = "Joseph Sirosh and Risto Miikkulainen and Yoonsuck Choe", title = "Why Have Lateral Connections in the Visual Cortex?", booktitle = "Lateral Interactions in the Cortex: {S}tructure and Function", publisher = "The UTCS Neural Networks Research Group", address = "Austin, TX", year = 1996, url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/web-pubs/htmlbook96/edelman", note = "Electronic book, ISBN 0-9647060-0-8, http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/web-pubs/htmlbook96", } @Article{eeckman:brainres90, author = "F. H. Eeckman and W. J. Freeman", title = "Correlations Between Unit Firing and {EEG} in the Rat Olfactory System", journal = "Brain Research", volume = 528, year = 1990, pages = "238--244", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=2271924", abstract = "The olfactory EEG of awake animals displays oscillatory bursts of activity in the gamma- (30-100 Hz) range. The bursts are correlated with inflow of air over the receptor layer in the nose. None of the inputs to the cortices that display these oscillations carries periodic signals in the gamma-range. Thus these bursts are generated locally, either by neuronal feedback interactions or by coupling of oscillatory neurons. In the first case if the oscillations are generated by negative feedback, then two classes of cells must exist: excitatory neurons and inhibitory neurons with the same frequency of oscillation but with a quarter cycle phase lag by the inhibitory cells from the excitatory cells. On the other hand, if the EEG's result from coupling of cells that are intrinsically oscillatory, there should be a broad but monomodal distribution of phase values. In order to determine the origin of these bursts, we performed simultaneous recordings of EEG and multi-unit spikes in the 4 parts of the olfactory system (olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, prepyriform cortex and lateral entorhinal area) of awake and motivated rats. For each sample, the EEG and the multi-unit spikes were recorded from the same local neighborhood. The multi-unit electrode recorded pulses from the principal output neurons of the respective cortical areas. In all locations tested, the oscillations in pulse probabilities of firing were found to have the same frequency as the dominant EEG frequency. In all 4 structures two sets of cells were found. One set displayed pulses in phase with the EEG and the other set displayed pulses that led or lagged the EEG by approximately 1/4 cycle. These data confirm the negative feedback interaction model rather than the coupled oscillator model for the generation of the bursts in the olfactory system. The relevance of these findings to other cortical systems, in casu the visual cortex is discussed.", } @Book{egan:book75, author = "J. P. Egan", year = 1975, title = "Signal Detection Theory and {ROC} Analysis", publisher = "Academic Press", address = "San Diego, CA", } @PhdThesis{eglen:phd97, author = "Stephen J. Eglen", title = "Modeling the Development of the Retinogeniculate Pathway", school = "School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences, University of Sussex", address = "Brighton, UK", note = "Technical Report CSRP 467", issn = "1350-3162", year = 1997, } @Article{ehrenstein:zeit1941b, author = "W. Ehrenstein", title = "{\"U}ber {A}bwandlungen der {L}.\ {H}ermannschen {H}elligkeitserscheinung", journal = "Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Psychologie", volume = 150, year = 1941, pages = "83--91", note = "Modifications of Brightness Phenomenon of L.\ Hermann; translated by A.~Hogg. In Petry, S., and Meyer, G.~E., editors (1987). \emph{The Perception of Illusory Contours}, 35--39. Berlin: Springer", } @Article{einhauser:ejn02, title = "Learning the Invariance Properties of Complex Cells From Their Responses to Natural Stimuli", author = "W. Einhauser and C. Kayser and P. Konig and K. P. Kording", journal = "European Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 15, number = 3, pages = "475--486", year = 2002, url = "http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01885.x/pdf", abstract = "Neurons in primary visual cortex are typically classified as either simple or complex. Whereas simple cells respond strongly to grating and bar stimuli displayed at a certain phase and visual field location, complex cell responses are insensitive to small translations of the stimulus within the receptive field [Hubel & Wiesel (1962) J. Physiol. (Lond.), 160, 106-154; Kjaer et al. (1997) J. Neurophysiol., 78, 3187-3197]. This constancy in the response to variations of the stimuli is commonly called invariance. Hubel and Wiesel's classical model of the primary visual cortex proposes a connectivity scheme which successfully describes simple and complex cell response properties. However, the question as to how this connectivity arises during normal development is left open. Based on their work and inspired by recent physiological findings we suggest a network model capable of learning from natural stimuli and developing receptive field properties which match those of cortical simple and complex cells. Stimuli are drawn from videos obtained by a camera mounted to a cat's head, so they should approximate the natural input to the cat's visual system. The network uses a competitive scheme to learn simple and complex cell response properties. Employing delayed signals to learn connections between simple and complex cells enables the model to utilize temporal properties of the input. We show that the temporal structure of the input gives rise to the emergence and refinement of complex cell receptive fields, whereas removing temporal continuity prevents this processes. This model lends a physiologically based explanation of the development of complex cell invariance response properties.", } @Article{elder:jv02, author = "J. H. Elder and R. M. Goldberg", title = "Ecological Statistics for the {G}estalt Laws of Perceptual Organization of Contours", journal = "Journal of Vision", volume = 2, year = 2002, pages = "324--353", } @Article{elliott:cerebcortex96, issn = "1047-3211", title = "Axonal Processes and Neural Plasticity. {I:} {O}cular Dominance Columns", author = "Terry Elliott and C. I. Howarth and Nigel R. Shadbolt", journal = "Cerebral Cortex", volume = 6, number = 6, pages = "781--788", year = 1996, abstract = "We present two related computational models of ocular dominance column formation. Both address nervous system plasticity in terms of sprouting and retraction of axonal processes rather than changes in synaptic strength implied by synapse-specific Hebbian models. We employ statistical mechanics to simulate changes in the pattern of network connectivity. Our formalism uses the concept of an energy function, which we interpret as related to the levels of target-generated neurotrophins for which afferents compete. In contrast, synapse-specific Hebbian models impose synaptic normalization, for which there is little experimental evidence, in order to induce competition. Our models make many predictions which require experimental investigation. We suggest that the absence of monocular deprivation effects in the optic tectum may be due to a tendency of amphibian retinal ganglion cells to preserve the complexity of their terminal arbors. One model raises the possibility that boundaries separating columns in the mammalian cortex are poorly innervated if they have been formed by complete but asynchronous retinal activation. Both models exhibit a phase transition, suggesting a discontinuity in the transition from a binocular cortex to one possessing ocular dominance columns. Finally, our other model could account for the perpendicularity of ocular dominance columns to the boundary of the primary visual cortex while admitting of less ordered central patterns. ", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=8922334", } @Article{elliott:jn99, title = "A Neurotrophic Model of the Development of the Retinogeniculocortical Pathway Induced by Spontaneous Retinal Waves", author = "T. Elliott and N. R. Shadbolt", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 19, number = 18, pages = "7951--7970", year = 1999, url = "http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=full&pmid=10479696", abstract = "The development of the retinogeniculate pathway or the geniculocortical pathway, or both, occurs either before birth or before eye opening in many species. It is widely believed that spontaneous retinal activity could drive the segregation of afferents into eye-specific laminae or columns and the refinement of initially diffuse receptive fields and the emergence of orderly, retinotopic organization. We show that a recent computational model that generates a phenomenologically accurate representation of spontaneous retinal activity can indeed drive afferent segregation and, more particularly, topographic and receptive field refinement in the retinogeniculocortical system. We use a model of anatomical synaptic plasticity based on recent data suggesting that afferents might compete for limited amounts of retrograde neurotrophic factors (NTFs). We find that afferent segregation and receptive field formation are disrupted in the presence of exogenous NTFs. We thus predict that infusion of NTFs into the lateral geniculate nucleus should disrupt normal development and that the infusion of such factors into the striate cortex should disrupt receptive field refinement in addition to the well known disruption of ocular dominance column (ODC) formation. To demonstrate that the capacity of our model of plasticity to drive normal development is not restricted just to spontaneous retinal activity, we also use a coarse representation of visually evoked activity in some simulations. We find that such simulations can exhibit the formation of ODCs followed by their disappearance, reminiscent of the New World marmoset. A decrease in interocular correlations stabilizes these ODCs. Thus we predict that divergent strabismus should render marmoset ODCs stable into adulthood. ", } @Article{elliott:nc02, issn = "0899-7667", title = "Multiplicative Synaptic Normalization and a Nonlinear {H}ebb Rule Underlie a Neurotrophic Model of Competitive Synaptic Plasticity", author = "Terry Elliott and Nigel R. Shadbolt", journal = "Neural Computation", volume = 14, number = 6, pages = "1311--1322", year = 2002, url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976602753712954", abstract = "Synaptic normalization is used to enforce competitive dynamics in many models of developmental synaptic plasticity. In linear and semilinear Hebbian models, multiplicative synaptic normalization fails to segregate afferents whose activity patterns are positively correlated. To achieve this, the biologically problematic device of subtractive synaptic normalization must be used instead. Our own model of competition for neurotrophic support, which can segregate positively correlated afferents, was developed in part in an attempt to overcome these problems by removing the need for synaptic normalization altogether. However, we now show that the dynamics of our model decompose into two decoupled subspaces, with competitive dynamics being implemented in one of them through a nonlinear Hebb rule and multiplicative synaptic normalization. This normalization is ``emergent'' rather than imposed. We argue that these observations permit biologically plausible forms of synaptic normalization to be viewed as abstract and general descriptions of the underlying biology in certain scaleless models of synaptic plasticity. ", } @Article{elliott:ptsa03, issn = "1364-503X", title = "Developmental Robotics: {M}anifesto and Application", author = "Terry Elliott and Nigel R. Shadbolt", journal = "Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences", volume = 361, number = 1811, pages = "2187--2206", year = 2003, url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2003.1250", abstract = "We argue that all embodied organisms, whether robots or animals, face the same challenge: of adapting to bodies, brains and environments that undergo constant and inevitable change. After highlighting the evidence for the universal role of a class of molecular factors called neurotrophic factors in the response of animals to this challenge, we suggest that implementing models of neurotrophic interactions on robots may confer on them the adaptability and robustness exhibited by animals. We briefly review a mathematical model of neurotrophic interactions and then discuss its application in a robotic context. Finally, we examine the potential, or otherwise, of our approach to developmental robotics. ", } @Book{rethinkinginnateness96, author = "Jeffrey L. Elman and Elizabeth A. Bates and Mark H. Johnson and Annette Karmiloff-Smith and Domenico Parisi and Kim Plunkett", title = "Rethinking Innateness: {A} Connectionist Perspective on Development", booktitle = "Rethinking Innateness: {A} Connectionist Perspective on Development", year = 1996, url = "http://crl.ucsd.edu:80/~elman/Papers/book/index.shtml", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "Cambridge, MA", } @Article{elston:cc98, author = "G. N. Elston and M. G. P. Rosa", title = "Morphological Variation of Layer {III} Pyramidal Neurons in the Occipitotemporal Pathway of the Macaque Monkey Visual Cortex", journal = "Cerebral Cortex", volume = 8, year = 1998, pages = "278--294", url = "http://cercor.oupjournals.org/cgi/reprint/8/3/278?maxtoshow=\&HITS=10\&hits=10\&RESULTFORMAT=\&author1=Elston\&andorexactfulltext=and\&searchid=1079325824547_279\&stored_search=\&FIRSTINDEX=0\&sortspec=relevance\&resourcetype=1\&journalcode=cercor", } @Article{emery:neurotrauma03, author = "Dana L. Emery and Nicolas C. Royo and Itzhak Fischer and Kathryn E. Saatman and Tracy K. {McIntosh}", title = "Plasticity Following Injury to the Adult Central Nervous System: {I}s Recapitulation of a Developmental State Worth Promoting?", journal = "Journal of Neurotrauma", year = 2003, volume = 20, pages = "1271--1292", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=14748977", abstract = "The adult central nervous system (CNS) appears to initiate a transient increase in plasticity following injury, including increases in growth-related proteins and generation of new cells. Recent evidence is reviewed that the injured adult CNS exhibits events and patterns of gene expression that are also observed during development and during regeneration following damage to the mature peripheral nervous system (PNS). The growth of neurons during development or regeneration is correlated, in part, with a coordinated expression of growth-related proteins, such as growth-associated-protein-43 (GAP-43), microtubule-associated-protein-1B (MAP1B), and polysialylated-neural-cell-adhesion-molecule (PSA-NCAM). For each of these proteins, evidence is discussed regarding its specific role in neuronal development, signals that modify its expression, and reappearance following injury. The rate of adult hippocampal neurogenesis is also affected by numerous endogenous and exogenous factors including injury. The continuing study of developmental neurobiology will likely provide further gene and protein targets for increasing plasticity and regeneration in the mature adult CNS.", } @Article{engel:science91, author = "A. K. Engel and P. K{\"o}nig and A. K. Kreiter and W. Singer", title = "Interhemispheric Synchronization of Oscillatory Neuronal Responses in Cat Visual Cortex", journal = "Science", volume = 252, year = 1991, pages = "1177--1179", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=2031188", abstract = "Neurons in area 17 of cat visual cortex display oscillatory responses that can synchronize across spatially separate columns in a stimulus-specific way. Response synchronization has now been shown to occur also between neurons in area 17 of the right and left cerebral hemispheres. This synchronization was abolished by section of the corpus callosum. Thus, the response synchronization is mediated by corticocortical connections. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that temporal synchrony of neuronal discharges serves to bind features within and between the visual hemifields.", } @Article{engel:pnas91, author = "A. K. Engel and A. K. Kreiter and P. K{\"o}nig and W. Singer", title = "Synchronization of Oscillatory Neuronal Responses Between Striate and Extrastriate Visual Cortical Areas of the Cat", journal = "{P}roceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, {USA}", volume = 88, year = 1991, pages = "6048--6052", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=2068083", abstract = "Recent studies have shown that neurons in area 17 of cat visual cortex display oscillatory responses which can synchronize across spatially separate orientation columns. Here, we demonstrate that unit responses recorded from the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area, a visual association area specialized for the analysis of motion, also exhibit an oscillatory temporal structure. Cross-correlation analysis of unit responses reveals that cells in area 17 and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area can oscillate synchronously. Moreover, we find that the interareal synchronization is sensitive to features of the visual stimuli, such as spatial continuity and coherence of motion. These results support the hypothesis that synchronous neuronal oscillations may serve to establish relationships between features processed in different areas of visual cortex.", } @Article{ernst:natneuro01, title = "Intracortical Origin of Visual Maps", author = "Udo Ernst and K. Pawelzik and C. Sahar-Pikielny and M. Tsodyks", journal = "Nature Neuroscience", volume = 4, number = 4, pages = "431--436", year = 2001, url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/86089", abstract = "Previous experiments indicate that the shape of maps of preferred orientation in the primary visual cortex does not depend on visual experience. We propose a network model that demonstrates that the orientation and direction selectivity of individual units and the structure of the corresponding angle maps could emerge from local recurrent connections. Our model reproduces the structure of preferred orientation and direction maps, and explains the origin of their interrelationship. The model also provides an explanation for the correlation between position shifts of receptive fields and changes of preferred orientations of single neurons across the surface of the cortex.", } @Article{erwin:jneuro98, author = "E. Erwin and K. D. Miller", title = "Correlation-based Development of Ocularly Matched Orientation and Ocular Dominance Maps: {D}etermination of Required Input Activities", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 18, number = 23, pages = "9870--9895", year = 1998, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9822745", abstract = "We extend previous models for separate development of ocular dominance and orientation selectivity in cortical layer 4 by exploring conditions permitting combined organization of both properties. These conditions are expressed in terms of functions describing the degree of correlation in the firing of two inputs from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), as a function of their retinotopic separation and their 'type' (ON center or OFF center and left eye or right eye). The development of ocular dominance requires that the correlations of an input with other inputs of the same eye be stronger than or equal to its correlations with inputs of the opposite eye and strictly stronger at small retinotopic separations. This must be true after summing correlations with inputs of both center types. The development of orientation-selective simple cells requires that (1) an input's correlations with other inputs of the same center type be stronger than its correlations with inputs of the opposite center type at small retinotopic separation; and (2) this relationship reverse at larger retinotopic separations within an arbor radius (the radius over which LGN cells can project to a common cortical point). This must be true after summing correlations with inputs serving both eyes. For orientations to become matched in the two eyes, correlated activity within the receptive fields must be maximized by specific between-eye alignments of ON and OFF subregions. Thus the correlations between the eyes must differ depending on center type, and this difference must vary with retinotopic separation within an arbor radius. These principles are satisfied by a wide class of correlation functions. Combined development of ocularly matched orientation maps and ocular dominance maps can be achieved either simultaneously or sequentially. In the latter case, the model can produce a correlation between the locations of orientation map singularities and local ocular dominance peaks similar to that observed physiologically. The model's main prediction is that the above correlations should exist among inputs to cortical layer 4 simple cells before vision. In addition, mature simple cells are predicted to have certain relationships between the locations of the ON and OFF subregions of the left and right eyes' receptive fields.", } @Article{erwin:ordering, author = "E. Erwin and K. Obermayer and K. J. Schulten", title = "Self-Organizing Maps: {O}rdering, Convergence Properties and Energy Functions", journal = "Biological Cybernetics", year = 1992, volume = 67, pages = "47--55", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=1606243", abstract = "We investigate the convergence properties of the self-organizing feature map algorithm for a simple, but very instructive case: the formation of a topographic representation of the unit interval [0, 1] by a linear chain of neurons. We extend the proofs of convergence of Kohonen and of Cottrell and Fort to hold in any case where the neighborhood function, which is used to scale the change in the weight values at each neuron, is a monotonically decreasing function of distance from the winner neuron. We prove that the learning dynamics cannot be described by a gradient descent on a single energy function, but may be described using a set of potential functions, one for each neuron, which are independently minimized following a stochastic gradient descent. We derive the correct potential functions for the one- and multi-dimensional case, and show that the energy functions given by Tolat (1990) are an approximation which is no longer valid in the case of highly disordered maps or steep neighborhood functions.", } @Article{erwin:stationary, author = "E. Erwin and K. Obermayer and K. J. Schulten", title = "Self-Organizing Maps: {S}tationary States, Metastability and Convergence Rate", journal = "Biological Cybernetics", year = 1992, volume = 67, pages = "35--45", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=1606242", abstract = "We investigate the effect of various types of neighborhood function on the convergence rates and the presence or absence of metastable stationary states of Kohonen's self-organizing feature map algorithm in one dimension. We demonstrate that the time necessary to form a topographic representation of the unit interval [0, 1] may vary over several orders of magnitude depending on the range and also the shape of the neighborhood function, by which the weight changes of the neurons in the neighborhood of the winning neuron are scaled. We will prove that for neighborhood functions which are convex on an interval given by the length of the Kohonen chain there exist no metastable states. For all other neighborhood functions, metastable states are present and may trap the algorithm during the learning process. For the widely-used Gaussian function there exists a threshold for the width above which metastable states cannot exist. Due to the presence or absence of metastable states, convergence time is very sensitive to slight changes in the shape of the neighborhood function. Fastest convergence is achieved using neighborhood functions which are 'convex' over a large range around the winner neuron and yet have large differences in value at neighboring neurons.", } @Article{erwin:models, author = "E. Erwin and K. Obermayer and K. J. Schulten", title = "Models of Orientation and Ocular Dominance Columns in the Visual Cortex: {A} Critical Comparison", journal = "Neural Computation", year = 1995, volume = 7, number = 3, pages = "425--468", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=8935959", abstract = "Orientation and ocular dominance maps in the primary visual cortex of mammals are among the most thoroughly investigated of the patterns in the cerebral cortex. A considerable amount of work has been dedicated to unraveling both their detailed structure and the neural mechanisms that underlie their formation and development. Many schemes have been proposed, some of which are in competition. Some models focus on development of receptive fields while others focus on the structure of cortical maps, i.e., the arrangement of receptive field properties across the cortex. Each model used different means to determine its success at reproducing experimental map patterns, often relying principally on visual comparison. Experimental data are becoming available that allow a more careful evaluation of models. In this contribution more than 10 of the most prominent models of cortical map formation and structure are critically evaluated and compared with the most recent experimental findings from macaque striate cortex. Comparisons are based on properties of the predicted or measured cortical map patterns. We introduce several new measures for comparing experimental and model map data that reveal important differences between models. We expect that the use of these measures will improve current models by helping determine parameters to match model maps to experimental data now becoming available from a variety of species. Our study reveals that (1) despite apparent differences, many models are based on similar principles and consequently make similar predictions, (2) several models produce orientation map patterns that are not consistent with the experimental data from macaques, regardless of the plausibility of the models' suggested physiological implementations, and (3) no models have yet fully accounted for both the local and the global relationships between orientation and ocular dominance map patterns.", } @Article{eurich:physreview99, author = "Christian W. Eurich and Klaus Pawelzik and Udo Ernst and Jack D. Cowan and John G. Milton", title = "Dynamics of Self-Organized Delay Adaptation", journal = "Physical Review Letters", year = 1999, volume = 82, pages = "1594--1597", } @Article{eurich:neurocomputing00, author = "Christian W. Eurich and Klaus Pawelzik and Udo Ernst and Andreas Thiel and Jack D. Cowan and John G. Milton", title = "Delay Adaptation in the Nervous System", journal = "Neurocomputing", volume = "32--33", year = 2000, pages = "741--748", } @Article{eysel:cc99, author = "Ulf T. Eysel and Georg Schweigart", title = "Increased Receptive Field Size in the Surround of Chronic Lesions in the Adult Cat Visual Cortex", journal = "Cerebral Cortex", volume = 9, year = 1999, pages = "101--109", url = "http://cercor.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/9/2/101", abstract = "Visual cortical lesions destroy the target cells for geniculocortical fibers from a certain retinotopic region. This leads to a cortical scotoma. We have investigated the receptive fields of cells in the visual cortex before, 2 days and 2 months after focal ibotenic acid lesions in the adult cat visual cortex and have found signs of receptive field plasticity in the surroundings of the chronic but not the acute and subacute excitotoxic lesions. In the subacute state (first two days post lesion) receptive field sizes of cells at the border of the lesion were reduced in size or remained unchanged. Remapping of cortical receptive fields 2 months later revealed a number of cells with multifold enlarged receptive fields at the border of the lesion. The cells with enlarged receptive fields displayed orientation and direction selectivity like normal cells. The size increase appeared not specifically directed towards the scotoma; however, the enlarged receptive fields can reduce the extent of a cortical scotoma, since previously unresponsive regions of the visual field activate cortical cells at the border of the lesion. This late receptive field plasticity could serve as a mechanism for the filling-in of cortical scotomata observed in patients with visual cortex lesions.", } @Article{fahle:prsl93, author = "M. Fahle", title = "Figure-Ground Discrimination from Temporal Information", journal = "Proceedings: Biological Sciences", volume = 254, year = 1993, pages = "199--203", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=8108453", abstract = "The separation of figures from ground is achieved by the visual system based on differences in features such as luminance, colour, depth, orientation, texture or motion. Temporal information, namely phase differences between groups of spatially homogeneous points, can also lead to a clear discrimination of an object shape. The time difference needed to separate figure and ground is around 5 ms over a range of temporal frequencies between 1.3 Hz and 30 Hz, both for sharply focused and for blurred points. These short delays are clearly below the temporal integration time of the visual system. The results have implications for theories on temporal binding and object recognition.", } @Article{fahle:vres95, author = "Manfred Fahle and Shimon Edelman and Tomaso Poggio", title = "Fast Perceptual Learning in Hyperacuity", journal = "Vision Research", year = 1995, volume = 35, pages = "3003--3013", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=8533337", abstract = "We investigated fast improvement of visual performance in several hyperacuity tasks such as vernier acuity and stereoscopic depth perception in almost 100 observers. Results indicate that the fast phase of perceptual learning, occurring within less than 1 hr of training, is specific for the visual field position and for the particular hyperacuity task, but is only partly specific for the eye trained and for the offset tested. Learning occurs without feedback. We conjecture that the site of learning may be quite early in the visual pathway.", } @Article{farah:psyrev98, author = "M. J. Farah and K. D. Wilson and M. Drain and J. N. Tanaka", title = "What Is ``Special'' About Face Perception?", journal = "Psychological Review", volume = 105, number = 3, pages = "482--498", year = 1998, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9697428", abstract = "There is growing evidence that face recognition is 'special' but less certainty concerning the way in which it is special. The authors review and compare previous proposals and their own more recent hypothesis, that faces are recognized 'holistically' (i.e., using relatively less part decomposition than other types of objects). This hypothesis, which can account for a variety of data from experiments on face memory, was tested with 4 new experiments on face perception. A selective attention paradigm and a masking paradigm were used to compare the perception of faces with the perception of inverted faces, words, and houses. Evidence was found of relatively less part-based shape representation for faces. The literatures on machine vision and single unit recording in monkey temporal cortex are also reviewed for converging evidence on face representation. The neuropsychological literature is reviewed for-evidence on the question of whether face representation differs in degree or kind from the representation of other types of objects.", } @InProceedings{farkas:icann99, author = "Igor Farkas and Risto Miikkulainen", title = "Modeling the Self-Organization of Directional Selectivity in the Primary Visual Cortex", booktitle = "{P}roceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks", year = 1999, publisher = "Springer", address = "Berlin", pages = "251--256", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?farkas:icann99", } @Article{felleman:ccortex91, author = "D. J. Felleman and D. C. {Van Essen}", title = "Distributed Hierarchical Processing in Primate Cerebral Cortex", journal = "Cerebral Cortex", volume = 1, year = 1991, pages = "1--47", aliases = "fellman:cerebral91", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=1822724", abstract = "In recent years, many new cortical areas have been identified in the macaque monkey. The number of identified connections between areas has increased even more dramatically. We report here on (1) a summary of the layout of cortical areas associated with vision and with other modalities, (2) a computerized database for storing and representing large amounts of information on connectivity patterns, and (3) the application of these data to the analysis of hierarchical organization of the cerebral cortex. Our analysis concentrates on the visual system, which includes 25 neocortical areas that are predominantly or exclusively visual in function, plus an additional 7 areas that we regard as visual-association areas on the basis of their extensive visual inputs. A total of 305 connections among these 32 visual and visual-association areas have been reported. This represents 31\% of the possible number of pathways if each area were connected with all others. The actual degree of connectivity is likely to be closer to 40\%. The great majority of pathways involve reciprocal connections between areas. There are also extensive connections with cortical areas outside the visual system proper, including the somatosensory cortex, as well as neocortical, transitional, and archicortical regions in the temporal and frontal lobes. In the somatosensory/motor system, there are 62 identified pathways linking 13 cortical areas, suggesting an overall connectivity of about 40\%. Based on the laminar patterns of connections between areas, we propose a hierarchy of visual areas and of somatosensory/motor areas that is more comprehensive than those suggested in other recent studies. The current version of the visual hierarchy includes 10 levels of cortical processing. Altogether, it contains 14 levels if one includes the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus at the bottom as well as the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus at the top. Within this hierarchy, there are multiple, intertwined processing streams, which, at a low level, are related to the compartmental organization of areas V1 and V2 and, at a high level, are related to the distinction between processing centers in the temporal and parietal lobes. However, there are some pathways and relationships (about 10\% of the total) whose descriptions do not fit cleanly into this hierarchical scheme for one reason or another. In most instances, though, it is unclear whether these represent genuine exceptions to a strict hierarchy rather than inaccuracies or uncertainities in the reported assignment.", } @Article{fellenz:neurocomputing02, author = "Winfried A. Fellenz and John G. Taylor", title = "Establishing Retinotopy by Lateral-Inhibition Type Homogeneous Neural Fields", journal = "Neurocomputing", year = 2002, volume = 48, pages = "313--322", } @Article{feller:neuron99, title = "Spontaneous Correlated Activity in Developing Neural Circuits", author = "Marla B. Feller", journal = "Neuron", volume = 22, number = 4, pages = "653--656", year = 1999, url = "http://www.neuron.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/4/653", } @Article{feller:neuron97, author = "Marla B. Feller and Daniel A. Butts and Holly L. Aaron and Daniel S. Rokhsar and Carla J. Shatz ", title = "Dynamic Processes Shape Spatiotemporal Properties of Retinal Waves ", journal = "Neuron", year = 1997, volume = 19, pages = "293--306", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9292720", abstract = "In the developing mammalian retina, spontaneous waves of action potentials are present in the ganglion cell layer weeks before vision. These waves are known to be generated by a synaptically connected network of amacrine cells and retinal ganglion cells, and exhibit complex spatiotemporal patterns, characterized by shifting domains of coactivation. Here, we present a novel dynamical model consisting of two coupled populations of cells that quantitatively reproduces the experimentally observed domain sizes, interwave intervals, and wavefront velocity profiles. Model and experiment together show that the highly correlated activity generated by retinal waves can be explained by a combination of random spontaneous activation of cells and the past history of local retinal activity.", } @Article{feller:science96, author = "Marla B. Feller and David P. Wellis and David Stellwagen and Frank S. Werblin and Carla J. Shatz", title = "Requirement for Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission in the Propagation of Spontaneous Retinal Waves", journal = "Science", volume = 272, url = "http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075\%2819960524\%293\%3A272\%3A5265\%3C1182\%3ARFCSTI\%3E2.0.CO\%3B2-U", year = 1996, pages = "1182--1187", abstract = "Highly correlated neural activity in the form of spontaneous waves of action potentials is present in the developing retina weeks before vision. Optical imaging revealed that these waves consist of spatially restricted domains of activity that form a mosaic pattern over the entire retinal ganglion cell layer. Whole-cell recordings indicate that wave generation requires synaptic activation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on ganglion cells. The only cholinergic cells in these immature retinas are a uniformly distributed bistratified population of amacrine cells, as assessed by antibodies to choline acetyltransferase. The results indicate that the major source of synaptic input to retinal ganglion cells is a system of cholinergic amacrine cells, whose activity is required for wave propagation in the developing retina.", } @Article{ferrari:ijns86, author = "F. Ferrari and R. Manzotti and A. Nalin and A. Benatti and R. Cavallo and A. Torricelli and GB. Cavazzutti", title = "Visual Orientation to the Human Face in the Premature and Fullterm Newborn", journal = "The Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences", volume = 5, number = "Suppl", pages = "53--60", year = 1986, month = "April", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=3759409", abstract = "Visual orientation to the human face was studied by the method of Brazelton in 15 fullterm newborns on the 4th-5th day of life and in 21 premature newborns (gestational age 27-37 weeks) tested weekly up to 40 weeks conceptional age. No evidence of visual orientation was found before 33 weeks. Performances on a par with those of fullterm newborns were not attained until 37-38 weeks on average, though in a few cases this was achieved at 35 weeks. The quality of orientation improved gradually from 32-33 weeks to 38 weeks, but with wide inter- and intra-individual variations. Noteworthy were the discontinuity and transient worsening of visual orientation of the extremely premature subjects (gestational age less than or equal to 31 weeks) in the weeks following birth. Neurological status at the time of the test, rather than pre-and perinatal risk factors, correlated positively with the quality of the visual responses. No statistically significant differences in orientation were found between premature newborns at term age and fullterm newborns.", } @Article{ferster:conb94, title = "Linearity of Synaptic Interactions in the Assembly of Receptive Fields in Cat Visual Cortex", author = "David Ferster", journal = "Current Opinion in Neurobiology", volume = 4, number = 4, pages = "563--568", year = 1994, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=7812146", abstract = "Recent extra- and intracellular recordings from simple cells in the striate cortex have led to the development of detailed models of how novel receptive field properties are generated by the neuronal circuitry of the cortex. The first stage in assembling simple receptive fields appears to be a linear combination of visual inputs. The output of the linear stage is then normalized by a contrast gain control mechanism. Finally, a threshold and expansive nonlinearity in the spike-generating mechanism enhances selectivity for stimulus features such as orientation, direction, and spatial frequency.", } @Article{ferster:jp85, author = "D. Ferster and S. Lindstr{\"o}m", title = "Synaptic Excitation of Neurons in Area 17 of the Cat by Intracortical Axon Collaterals of Cortico-Geniculate Cells", journal = "The Journal of Physiology", volume = 367, year = 1985, pages = "233--252", } @Article{field:goal, author = "David J. Field", title = "What Is the Goal of Sensory Coding?", journal = "Neural Computation", year = 1994, volume = 6, pages = "559--601", } @Article{field:vres93, author = "David J. Field and Anthony Hayes and Robert F. Hess", title = "Contour Integration by the Human Visual System: {E}vidence for a Local Association Field", journal = "Vision Research", volume = 33, year = 1993, pages = "173--193", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=8447091", abstract = "The Gestalt law of 'good continuation' has been used to describe a variety of phenomena demonstrating the importance of continuity in human perception. In this study, we consider how continuity may be represented by a visual system that filters spatial data using arrays of cells selective for orientation and spatial frequency. Many structures (e.g. fractal contours) show a form of redundancy which is well represented by the continuity of features as they vary across space and frequency. We suggest that it is possible to take advantage of the redundancy in continuous, but non-aligned features by associating the outputs of filters with similar tuning. Five experiments were performed, to determine the rules that govern the perception of continuity. Observers were presented with arrays of oriented, band-pass elements (Gabor patches) in which a subset of the elements was aligned along a 'jagged' path. Using a forced-choice procedure, observers were found to be capable of identifying the path within a field of randomly-oriented elements even when the spacing between the elements was considerably larger than the size of any of the individual elements. Furthermore, when the elements were oriented at angles up to +/- 60 deg relative to one another, the path was reliably identified. Alignment of the elements along the path was found to play a large role in the ability to detect the path. Small variations in the alignment or aligning the elements orthogonally (i.e. 'side-to-side' as opposed to 'end-to-end') significantly reduced the observer's ability to detect the presence of a path. The results are discussed in terms of an 'association field' which integrates information across neighboring filters tuned to similar orientations. We suggest that some of the processes involved in texture segregation may have a similar explanation.", } @Article{field:ibd84, author = "T. M. Field and D. Cohen and R. Garcia and R. Greenberg", title = "Mother--Stranger Face Discrimination by the Newborn", journal = "Infant Behavior and Development", year = 1984, volume = 7, pages = "19--25", } @Article{findlay:cbio00, title = "Active Vision: {V}isual Activity in Everyday Life", author = "J. M. Findlay", url = "http://www.biomednet.com/article/bb8r05", journal = "Current Biology", year = 1998, volume = 8, issue = 18, pages = "R640--R642", abstract = "Recent studies that consider how vision is used in everyday life have led to a new perspective in visual science, in which more emphasis is placed on the active role of the viewer.", } @Book{findlay:book03, author = "John M. Findlay and Iain D. Gilchrist", title = "Active Vision: {T}he Psychology of Looking and Seeing", publisher = "Oxford University Press", address = "Oxford, UK", year = 2003, } @Article{finkel:jon89, author = "Leif H. Finkel and Gerald M. Edelman", title = "Integration of Distributed Cortical Systems by Reentry: {A} Computer Simulation of Interactive Functionally Segregated Visual Areas", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 9, year = 1989, pages = "3188--3208", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=2795160", abstract = "A computer model based on visual cortex has been constructed to analyze how the operations of multiple, functionally segregated cortical areas can be coordinated and integrated to yield a unified perceptual response. We propose that cortical integration arises through the process of reentry--the ongoing, parallel, recursive signaling between separate maps along ordered anatomical connections. To test the efficacy of this reentrant cortical integration (RCI) model, we have carried out detailed computer simulations of 3 interconnected cortical areas in the striate and extrastriate cortex of the macaque. The simulated networks contained a total of over 222,000 units and 8.5 million connections. The 3 modeled areas, called VOR, VOC, and VMO, incorporate major anatomical and physiological properties of cortical areas V1, V3, and V5 but are vastly simplified compared with monkey visual cortex. Simulated area VOR contains both orientation and directionally selective units; simulated area VMO discriminates the direction of motion of arbitrarily oriented objects; and simulated area VOC responds to both luminance and occlusion boundaries in the stimulus. Area VOC is able to respond to illusory contours (Kanizsa, 1979) by means of the same neural architecture used for the discrimination of occlusion boundaries. This architecture also generates responses to structure-from-motion by virtue of reentrant connections from VMO to VOC. The responses of the simulated networks to these illusions are consistent with the perceptual responses of humans and other species presented with these stimuli. The networks also respond in a consistent manner to a novel illusion that combines illusory contours and structure-from-motion. The response synthesized to this combined illusion provides a strong argument supporting the need for a recursive reentrant process in the cortex. Functional integration of the simulated areas in the RCI model were found to depend upon the combined action of 3 reentrant processes: (1) conflicting responses among segregated areas are competitively eliminated, (2) outputs of each area are used by other areas in their own operations, and (3) outputs of an area are 'reentered' back to itself (through lower areas) and can thus be used iteratively to synthesize responses to complex or illusory stimuli. Transection of the reentrant connections selectively abolished these integrative processes and led to failure of figural synthesis. The proposed model of reentry suggests a basis for understanding how multiple visual areas as well as other cortical areas may be integrated within a distributed system.", } @Article{fisher:tins97, author = "S. A. Fisher and T. M. Fisher and T. J. Carew", title = "Multiple Overlapping Processes Underlying Short-Term Synaptic Enhancement", journal = "Trends in Neurosciences", volume = 20, year = 1997, pages = "170--177", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9106358", abstract = "Recently there have been exciting advances in understanding the mechanisms and functional roles of a form of short-term synaptic enhancement (STE) that results from an activity-dependent accumulation of Ca2+ in the presynaptic terminal. This form of STE is composed of at least four processes: fast-decaying facilitation (FI), slow-decaying facilitation (F2), augmentation (AUG) and post-tetanic potentiation (PTP). Recent results suggest that these processes can now be distinguished mechanistically by the site of their induction within the presynaptic terminal: FI and F2 appear to be induced by a rapid, high concentration of Ca2+ at or near the site of exocytosis, whereas AUG and PTP seem to be induced by lower levels of Ca2+ with slower kinetics, possibly within the core of the terminal. STE is highly conserved across diverse species, and appears to serve as a flexible mechanism for temporal information processing in systems ranging from peripheral motor control to higher cortical integration.", } @Article{fisken:intrinsic, author = "R.~A.~Fisken and L.~J.~Garey and T.~P~.S.~Powell", title = "The Intrinsic, Association and Commissural Connections of Area 17 of the Visual Cortex", journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of {L}ondon. Series {B}, Biological Sciences", year = 1975, volume = 272, pages = "487--536", } @Article{fitzhugh:biophysicsj61, author = "R. FitzHugh", title = "Impulses and Physiological States in Models of Nerve Membrane", journal = "Biophysics Journal", volume = 1, year = 1961, pages = "445--466", } @InProceedings{fitzpatrick:spatial, author = "D. Fitzpatrick and B. R. Schofield and J. Strote", title = "Spatial Organization and Connections of Iso-Orientation Domains in the Tree Shrew Striate Cortex", booktitle = "Society for Neuroscience Abstracts", volume = 20, year = 1994, pages = 837, publisher = "Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience", } @Book{fogel:ec99, author = "David B. Fogel", title = "Evolutionary Computation: {T}oward a New Philosophy of Machine Intelligence", publisher = "IEEE", address = "Piscataway, NJ", year = 1999, edition = "Second", } @Article{foldiak:bc90, author = "Peter F{\"o}ldi{\'a}k", title = "Forming Sparse Representations by Local Anti-{H}ebbian Learning", journal = "Biological Cybernetics", year = 1990, volume = 64, pages = "165--170", aliases = "foldiak:sparse", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=2291903", abstract = "How does the brain form a useful representation of its environment? It is shown here that a layer of simple Hebbian units connected by modifiable anti-Hebbian feed-back connections can learn to code a set of patterns in such a way that statistical dependency between the elements of the representation is reduced, while information is preserved. The resulting code is sparse, which is favourable if it is to be used as input to a subsequent supervised associative layer. The operation of the network is demonstrated on two simple problems.", } @Article{foldiak:nc91, author = "Peter F{\"o}ldi{\'a}k", title = "Learning Invariance from Transformation Sequences", journal = "Neural Computation", year = 1991, volume = 3, pages = "194--200", } @PhdThesis{foldiak:phd, author = "Peter F{\"o}ldi{\'a}k", title = "Models of Sensory Coding", school = "Churchill College, University of Cambridge", address = "Cambridge, UK", year = 1991, note = "Department of Engineering Technical Report CUED/F-INFENG/TR 91", } @Article{freeman:cb03, author = "E. Freeman and J. Driver and D. Sagi and L. Zhaoping", title = "Top-Down Modulation of Lateral Interactions in Early Vision: {D}oes Attention Affect Integration of the Whole or Just Perception of the Parts?", journal = "Current Biology", volume = 13, year = 2003, pages = "985--989", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=12781139", abstract = "Attention can modulate sensitivity to local stimuli in early vision. But, can attention also modulate integration of local stimuli into global visual patterns? We recently measured effects of attention on the phenomenon of lateral interactions between collinear elements, commonly thought to reflect long-range mechanisms in early visual cortex underlying contour integration. We showed improved detection of low-contrast central Gabor targets in the context of collinear flankers, but only when the collinear flankers were attended for a secondary task rather than ignored in favor of an orthogonal flanker pair. Here, we contrast two hypotheses for how attention might modulate flanker influences on the target: by changing just local sensitivity to the flankers themselves (flanker-modulation-only hypothesis), or by weighting integrative connections between flanker and target (connection-weighting hypothesis). Modeled on the known nonlinear dependence of target visibility on collinear flanker contrast, the first hypothesis predicts that an increase in physical flanker contrast should readily offset any reduction in their effective contrast when ignored, thus eliminating attentional modulation. Conversely, the second hypothesis predicts that attentional modulation should persist even for the highest flanker contrasts. Our results showed the latter outcome and indicated that attention modulates flanker-target integration, rather than just processing of local flanker elements.", } @Article{freeman:ijbc03, author = "Walter J. Freeman and Brian C. Burke", title = "A Neurobiological Theory of Meaning in Perception. {P}art {IV}: {M}ulticortical Patterns of Amplitude Modulation in Gamma {EEG}", journal = "International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos", volume = 13, year = 2003, pages = "2857--2866", abstract = "The aim of this study is to find spatial patterns of EEG amplitude in the gamma range of the EEGs from multiple sensory and limbic areas that demonstrate multisensory convergence and integration. 64 electrodes spread in small arrays were fixed on or in the olfactory, visual, auditory, somatomotor and entorhinal areas of cats and rabbits. The subjects were trained to discriminate 2 visual and then 2 auditory conditioned stimuli, one reinforced (CS+), the other not (CS-). A moving window was applied to the 6-s records from 20 trials of each CS including a 3-s prestimulus control (CS0). The root mean square amplitude was calculated for each signal in the gamma range, so each window gave a point in 64-space. EEG patterns from the CS+, CS- and CS0 conditions gave 3 clusters of points in 64-space. The Euclidean distance of each point to the nearest center of gravity of a cluster served for classification and estimation of the probability of correct classification. The results showed that the gamma activity (35-60 Hz in cats, 20-80 Hz in rabbits) in all five areas formed global patterns of amplitude modulation (AM) in time windows lasting ~100-200 ms and recurring at 2-4 Hz, which were correctly classified above chance levels (p<0.01). All areas contributed information to the AM patterns that served to classify the EEG epochs in the windows with respect to the conditioned stimuli. In conclusion, multisensory integration took place over the greater part of the hemisphere, despite lack of phase coherence among the gamma waves. The integration occurred rapidly enough that, within 300 ms of CS onset, activity in every sensory area was modified by what took place in every other sensory area.", } @Article{friedrich:science01, author = "R. W. Friedrich and G. Laurent", title = "Dynamic Optimization of Odor Representations by Slow Temporal Patterning of Mitral Cell Activity", journal = "Science", volume = 291, year = 2001, pages = "889--894", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=11157170", abstract = "Mitral cells (MCs) in the olfactory bulb (OB) respond to odors with slow temporal firing patterns. The representation of each odor by activity patterns across the MC population thus changes continuously throughout a stimulus, in an odor-specific manner. In the zebrafish OB, we found that this distributed temporal patterning progressively reduced the similarity between ensemble representations of related odors, thereby making each odor's representation more specific over time. The tuning of individual MCs was not sharpened during this process. Hence, the individual responses of MCs did not become more specific, but the odor-coding MC assemblies changed such that their overlap decreased. This optimization of ensemble representations did not occur among olfactory afferents but resulted from OB circuit dynamics. Time can therefore gradually optimize stimulus representations in a sensory network.", } @Article{fritzke:nn94, author = "Bernd Fritzke", title = "Growing Cell Structures---A Self-Organizing Network for Unsupervised and Supervised Learning", journal = "Neural Networks", year = 1994, volume = 7, pages = "1441--1460", } @Article{fritzke:npl95, author = "Bernd Fritzke", title = "Growing Grid: {A} Self-Organizing Network with Constant Neighborhood Range and Adaptation Strength", journal = "Neural Processing Letters", year = 1995, volume = 2, pages = "9--13", } @Article{fu:science02, title = "Temporal Specificity in the Cortical Plasticity of Visual Space Representation", author = "Y. X. Fu and K. Djupsund and H. Gao and B. Hayden and K. Shen and Y. Dan", journal = "Science", volume = 296, number = 5575, pages = "1999--2003", year = 2002, url = "http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/296/5575/1999", abstract = "The circuitry and function of mammalian visual cortex are shaped by patterns of visual stimuli, a plasticity likely mediated by synaptic modifications. In the adult cat, asynchronous visual stimuli in two adjacent retinal regions controlled the relative spike timing of two groups of cortical neurons with high precision. This asynchronous pairing induced rapid modifications of intracortical connections and shifts in receptive fields. These changes depended on the temporal order and interval between visual stimuli in a manner consistent with spike timing-dependent synaptic plasticity. Parallel to the cortical modifications found in the cat, such asynchronous visual stimuli also induced shifts in human spatial perception. ", } @InCollection{fuhs:cns98, author = "Mark C. Fuhs and A. David Redish and David S. Touretzky", title = "A Visually Driven Hippocampal Place Cell Model", booktitle = "Computational Neuroscience: {T}rends in Research", pages = "379--384", publisher = "Plenum Press", year = 1998, editor = "James M. Bower", address = "New York", } @InCollection{fukushima:neocog, author = "Kunihiko Fukushima and Sei Miyake", title = "{N}eocognitron: {A} Self-Organizing Neural Network Model for a Mechanism of Visual Pattern Recognition", booktitle = "Competition and Cooperation in Neural Nets", series = "Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 45", publisher = "Springer", address = "Berlin", year = 1982, pages = "267--285", editor = "Amari, {Shun-ichi} and Michael A. Arbib", } @InCollection{gabbini:mnm98, author = "Fabrizio Gabbiani and Christof Koch", title = "Principles of Spike Train Analysis", editor = "C. Koch and I. Segev", booktitle = "Methods in Neuronal Modeling: {F}rom Ions to Networks", edition = "second", year = 1998, address = "Cambridge, MA", publisher = "MIT Press", aliases = "gabbini:methodsbook99", pages = "313--360", } @Article{gandhi:pnas99, issn = "0027-8424", title = "Spatial Attention Affects Brain Activity in Human Primary Visual Cortex", author = "Sunil P. Gandhi and David J. Heeger and Geoffrey M. Boynton", journal = "{P}roceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, {USA}", volume = 96, number = 6, pages = "3314--3319", year = 1999, url = "http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/96/6/3314", abstract = "Functional MRI was used to test whether instructing subjects to attend to one or another location in a visual scene would affect neural activity in human primary visual cortex. Stimuli were moving gratings restricted to a pair of peripheral, circular apertures, positioned to the right and to the left of a central fixation point. Subjects were trained to perform a motion discrimination task, attending (without moving their eyes) at any moment to one of the two stimulus apertures. Functional MRI responses were recorded while subjects were cued to alternate their attention between the two apertures. Primary visual cortex responses in each hemisphere modulated with the alternation of the cue; responses were greater when the subject attended to the stimuli in the contralateral hemifield. The attentional modulation of the brain activity was about 25% of that evoked by alternating the stimulus with a uniform field. ", } @Article{gardner:natneurosci04, title = "{Neurodatabase.org}: {N}etworking the Microelectrode", author = "Daniel Gardner", journal = "Nature Neuroscience", volume = 7, number = 5, pages = "486--487", year = 2004, abstract = "Electrophysiological signals report activity of single neurons, neuronal arrays and networks. Our understanding of neural coding, information transmission and brain processes would be aided if such data could be made available for further analyses that could integrate and compare findings from individual laboratories, and test multiple hypotheses. Such analyses require access to actual sets of digitized data themselves, rather than to printed views of the data through static journal figures1. However, data sharing of this sort requires agreement on techniques, formats and ownership, as well as methods for classification and selection. The Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, supported by the Human Brain Project of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), has developed neurodatabase.org\x{2014}a freely accessible database to aid sharing of neurophysiological data. This resource acquires, organizes, annotates, archives, delivers and displays single- and multi-unit neuronal data from mammalian cerebral cortex1. The database is presently populated with somatosensory recordings, with planned expansion to data from other regions. It is available to any user with a contemporary Java-enabled networked computer.", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=15114365", } @Article{garris:sscr92, author = "M. D. Garris", title = "Design and Collection of a Handwriting Sample Image Database", journal = "Social Science Computer Review", year = 1992, volume = 10, pages = "196--214", } @Article{gauthier:cogneuropsy00, author = "Isabel Gauthier and Nikos K. Logothetis", title = "Is Face Recognition Not So Unique, After All?", journal = "Cognitive Neuropsychology", volume = 17, pages = "125--142", year = 2000, url = "http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/pp/02643294.html", abstract = "In monkeys, a number of different neocortical as well as limbic structures have cell populations that respond preferentially to face stimuli. Face selectivity is also differentiated within itself: Cells in the inferior temporal and prefrontal cortex tend to respond to facial identity, others in the uppe r bank of the superior temporal sulcus to gaze directions, and yet another population in the amygdala to facial expression. The great majority of these cells are sensitive to the entire configuration of a face. Changing the spatial arrangement of the facial features greatly diminishes the neurons' response. It would appear, then, that an entire neural network for faces exists which contains units highly selective to complex configurations and that respond to different aspects of the object 'face.' Given the vital importance of face recognition in primates, this may not come as a surprise. But are faces the only objects represented in this way? Behavioural work in humans suggests that nonface objects may be processed like faces if subjects are required to discriminate between visually similar exemplars and acquire sufficient expertise in doing so. Recent neuroimaging studies in humans indicate that level of categorisation and expertise interact to produce the specialisation for faces in the middle fusiform gyrus. Here we discuss some new evidence in the monkey suggesting that any arbitrary homogeneous class of artificial objects - which the animal has to individually learn, remember, and recognise again and again from among a large number of distractors sharing a number of common features with the target - can induce configurational selectivity in the response of neurons in the visual system. For all of the animals tested, the neurons from which we recorded were located in the anterior inferotemporal cortex. However, as we have only recorded from the posterior and anterior ventrolateral temporal lobe, other cells with a similar selectivity for the same objects may also exist in areas of the medial temporal lobe or in the limbic structures of the same 'expert' monkeys. It seems that the encoding scheme for faces may also be employed for other classes with similar properties. Thus, regarding their neural encoding, faces are not 'special' but rather the 'default special' class in the primate recognition system.", } @Article{gauthier:conb01, title = "The Development of Face Expertise", author = "Isabel Gauthier and Charles A. Nelson", journal = "Current Opinion in Neurobiology", volume = 11, number = 2, pages = "219--224", year = 2001, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=11301243", abstract = "Recent neuroimaging studies in adults indicate that visual areas selective for recognition of faces can be recruited through expertise for nonface objects. This reflects a new emphasis on experience in theories of visual specialization. In addition, novel work infers differences between categories of nonface objects, allowing a re-interpretation of differences seen between recognition of faces and objects. Whether there are experience-independent precursors of face expertise remains unclear; indeed, parallels between literature for infants and adults suggest that methodological issues need to be addressed before strong conclusions can be drawn regarding the origins of face recognition.", } @Article{geisler:identification, author = "W. S. Geisler and D. G. Albrecht", title = "{B}ayesian Analysis of Identification Performance in the Primary Visual Cortex: {N}onlinear Mechanisms and Stimulus Certainty", journal = "Vision Research", volume = 35, number = 19, pages = "2723--2730", year = 1995, } @Article{geisler:visneuro97, author = "W. S. Geisler and D. G. Albrecht", title = "Visual Cortex Neurons in Monkeys and Cats: {D}etection, Discrimination, and Identification", journal = "Visual Neuroscience", volume = 14, number = 5, pages = "897--919", year = 1997, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9364727", abstract = "A descriptive function method was used to measure the detection, discrimination, and identification performance of a large population of single neurons recorded from within the primary visual cortex of the monkey and the cat, along six stimulus dimensions: contrast, spatial position, orientation, spatial frequency, temporal frequency, and direction of motion. First, the responses of single neurons were measured along each stimulus dimension, using analysis intervals comparable to a normal fixation interval (200 ms). Second, the measured responses of each neuron were fitted with simple descriptive functions, containing a few free parameters, for each stimulus dimension. These functions were found to account for approximately 90\% of the variance in the measured response means and response standard deviations. (A detailed analysis of the relationship between the mean and the variance showed that the variance is proportional to the mean.) Third, the parameters of the best-fitting descriptive functions were utilized in conjunction with Bayesian (optimal) decision theory to determine the detection, discrimination, and identification performance for each neuron, along each stimulus dimension. For some of the cells in monkey, discrimination performance was comparable to behavioral performance; for most of the cells in cat, discrimination performance was better than behavioral performance. The behavioral contrast and spatial-frequency discrimination functions were similar in shape to the envelope of the most sensitive cells; they were also similar to the discrimination functions obtained by optimal pooling of the entire population of cells. The statistics which summarize the parameters of the descriptive functions were used to estimate the response of the visual cortex as a whole to a complex natural image. The analysis suggests that individual cortical neurons can reliably signal precise information about the location, size, and orientation of local image features.", } @Article{geisler:visres01, author = "Wilson S. Geisler and J. S. Perry and Boaz J. Super and D. P. Gallogly", title = "Edge Co-Occurrence in Natural Images Predicts Contour Grouping Performance", year = 2001, journal = "Vision Research", volume = 41, pages = "711--724", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=11248261", abstract = "The human brain manages to correctly interpret almost every visual image it receives from the environment. Underlying this ability are contour grouping mechanisms that appropriately link local edge elements into global contours. Although a general view of how the brain achieves effective contour grouping has emerged, there have been a number of different specific proposals and few successes at quantitatively predicting performance. These previous proposals have been developed largely by intuition and computational trial and error. A more principled approach is to begin with an examination of the statistical properties of contours that exist in natural images, because it is these statistics that drove the evolution of the grouping mechanisms. Here we report measurements of both absolute and Bayesian edge co-occurrence statistics in natural images, as well as human performance for detecting natural-shaped contours in complex backgrounds. We find that contour detection performance is quantitatively predicted by a local grouping rule derived directly from the co-occurrence statistics, in combination with a very simple integration rule (a transitivity rule) that links the locally grouped contour elements into longer contours.", } @Article{geisler:psychreview00, author = "Wilson S. Geisler and Boaz J. Super", title = "Perceptual Organization of Two-Dimensional Patterns", journal = "Psychological Review", year = 2000, volume = 107, pages = "677--708", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=11089403", abstract = "The perceptual organization of image patterns is considered from 2 standpoints. First, a theoretical framework is presented from which computational models of perceptual organization can be constructed and tested. Second, a specific computational model for perceptual organization of line images is described. In this model, input images are first processed by a dense array of neurons that have properties consistent with recent analyses of single-neuron responses in primary visual cortex. Then, complex image structure is discovered by interleaved pattern-matching and grouping processes constrained by a generalized uniqueness principle. A series of 3-pattern grouping experiments was performed to test a restricted version of the model and to estimate critical parameters. Using the estimated parameters, an extended version of the model was tested by generating predictions for a series of 'textbook' perceptual organization demonstrations.", } @InProceedings{geisler:nato99, author = "Wilson S. Geisler and Thomas Thornton and Donald P. Gallogly and Jeffrey S. Perry", title = "Image Structure Models of Texture and Contour Visibility", booktitle = "Search and Target Acquisition ({R}echerche et acquisition d'objectifs)", series = "{RTO} Meeting Proceedings 45", year = 2000, pages = "15/1--15/8", publisher = "Canada Communication Group", address = "Hull, Qu{\'e}bec", url = "http://www.rta.nato.int/Pubs/RDP.asp?RDP=RTO-MP-045", site = "Utrecht, Netherlands", } @Article{gelbtuch:psypharm86, author = "M. H. Gelbtuch and J. E. Calvert and J. P. Harris and O. T. Phillipson", title = "Modification of Visual Orientation Illusions by Drugs Which Influence Dopamine and {GABA} Neurones: {D}ifferential Effects on Simultaneous and Successive Illusions", journal = "Psychopharmacology", year = 1986, volume = 90, pages = "379--383", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=3097727", abstract = "The effects of haloperidol, nomifensine and lorazepam on the visual tilt illusion were studied in normal volunteers. Haloperidol and nomifensine produced no significant changes in the illusion, although in previous work they had been found to reduce and enhance, respectively, a closely related illusion, the tilt aftereffect. By contrast, lorazepam produced a dose-related increment in the size of the tilt illusion, but had no effect on the tilt aftereffect. The results are discussed in relation to proposed mechanisms which may underlie the two kinds of illusion. The differential effects of individual drugs on the two illusions may reflect their differing actions on two processes: lateral inhibition and adaptation in visual channels.", } @Article{geman:nc92, title = "Neural Networks and the Bias/Variance Dilemma", author = "Stuart Geman and Elie L. Bienenstock and Ren{\'e} Doursat", journal = "Neural Computation", volume = 4, number = 1, year = 1992, pages = "1--58", } @Article{george:clinneurosci96, author = "M. S. George and E. M. Wassermann and W. A. Williams and J. Steppel and A. Pascual-Leone and P. Basser and M. Hallett and R. M. Post", title = "Changes in Mood and Hormone Levels After Rapid-Rate Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ({rTMS}) of the Prefrontal Cortex", journal = "The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences", year = 1996, volume = 8, pages = "172--180", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9081553", abstract = "Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was administered to 10 healthy volunteers on different days over the right or left prefrontal cortex, midfrontal cortex, occipital cortex, or cerebellum. Mood (self-rated), reaction time, and hormone levels were serially measured. Consistent with a previous study, comparison of hemispheres revealed significant associations with decreased happiness after left prefrontal rTMS and decreased sadness after right prefrontal rTMS. Stimulation of all three prefrontal regions, but not the occipital or cerebellar regions, was associated with increases in serum thyroid-stimulating hormone. There was no effect on serum prolactin. rTMS applied to prefrontal cortex is safe and well tolerated and produces regionally and laterally specific changes in mood and neuroendocrine measures in healthy adults. rTMS is a promising tool for investigating prefrontal cortex functions.", } @InCollection{gerstner:pnnbook98b, author = "W. Gerstner", title = "{H}ebbian Learning of Pulse Timing in the Barn Owl Auditory System", booktitle = "Pulsed Neural Networks", editor = "W. Maass and C. M. Bishop", year = 1998, pages = "353--377", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "Cambridge, MA", } @InCollection{gerstner:pnnbook98, author = "W. Gerstner", title = "Spiking Neurons", booktitle = "Pulsed Neural Networks", editor = "W. Maass and C. M. Bishop", year = 1998, pages = "3--54", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "Cambridge, MA", } @Book{gerstner:book02, author = "Wulfram Gerstner and Werner M. Kistler", title = "Spiking Neuron Models: {S}ingle Neurons, Populations, Plasticity", publisher = "Cambridge University Press", address = "Cambridge, UK", year = 2002, } @Article{gerstner:network92, author = "W. Gerstner and J. L. van Hemmen", title = "Associative Memory in a Network of Spiking Neurons", journal = "Network", volume = 3, year = 1992, pages = "139--164", } @InProceedings{ghahramani:nips97, author = "Zoubin Ghahramani and Geoffrey E. Hinton", title = "Hierarchical Non-linear Factor Analysis and Topographic Maps ", booktitle = "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 10", year = 1998, editor = "Michael I. Jordan and Michael J. Kearns and Sara A. Solla", publisher = "Cambridge, MA: MIT Press", pages = "486--492", } @Article{ghose:jnp97, author = "G. M. Ghose and D. Y. Ts'o", title = "Form Processing Modules in Primate Area {V4}", journal = "Journal of Neurophysiology", volume = 77, number = 4, pages = "2191--2196", year = 1997, month = apr, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9114265", abstract = "Area V4 occupies a central position among the areas of the primate cerebral cortex involved with object recognition and analysis. Consistent with this role, neurons in V4 are selective for many visual attributes including color, orientation, and binocular disparity. However, it is uncertain whether cells within V4 are organized with respect to these properties. In this study we used in vivo optical imaging and electrophysiology in macaque visual cortex to show that cells that share certain physiological properties are indeed grouped together in V4. Our results revealed regions containing cells with common orientation selectivity. These regions were similar in size to those seen in V2 and much larger than those seen in V1 and were confirmed by appropriately targeted single-unit recording. Surprisingly, orientation organization visible through imaging was limited to the portion of V4 representing the central visual fields. Optical imaging also revealed a functional organization related to stimulus size. Size-sensitive regions (S regions) contained cells that were strongly suppressed by large stimuli. In contrast to V2, S regions in V4 contain orientation domains. These results suggest that V4 contains modular assemblies of cells related to particular aspects of form analysis. Such organization may contribute to the construction of object-based representations.", } @Book{gibson:book50, author = "J. J. Gibson", title = "The Perception of the Visual World", year = 1950, address = "Boston", publisher = "Houghton Mifflin", } @Book{gibson:book79, author = "J. J. Gibson", title = "The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception", publisher = "Houghton Mifflin", address = "Boston", year = 1979, } @Article{gibson:adaptation, author = "James J. Gibson and Minnie Radner", title = "Adaptation, After-Effect and Contrast in the Perception of Tilted Lines", journal = "Journal of Experimental Psychology", year = 1937, volume = 20, pages = "453--467", } @Book{giese:book98, author = "Martin A. Giese", title = "Dynamic Neural Field Theory for Motion Perception", publisher = "Springer", year = 1998, address = "Berlin", } @Article{gilbert:integration, author = "C. D. Gilbert", title = "Horizontal Integration and Cortical Dynamics", journal = "Neuron", year = 1992, volume = 9, month = "July", pages = "1--13", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=1632964", abstract = "We have discussed several results that lead to a view that cells in the visual system are endowed with dynamic properties, influenced by context, expectation, and long-term modifications of the cortical network. These observations will be important for understanding how neuronal ensembles produce a system that perceives, remembers, and adapts to injury. The advantage to being able to observe changes at early stages in a sensory pathway is that one may be able to understand the way in which neuronal ensembles encode and represent images at the level of their receptive field properties, of cortical topographies, and of the patterns of connections between cells participating in a network.", } @InCollection{gilbert:hopvs94, author = "Charles D. Gilbert", title = "Circuitry, Architecture and Functional Dynamics of Visual Cortex", editor = "Gregory R. Bock and Jamie A. Goode", booktitle = "Higher-Order Processing in the Visual System", series = "{C}iba Foundation Symposium 184", year = 1994, publisher = "Wiley", address = "Hoboken, NJ", pages = "35--62", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=7882761", abstract = "A fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of cortical processing requires an examination of the relationships of cortical circuitry, cortical functional architecture and receptive field properties. Ultimately, this kind of analysis can be used to explore the neurobiological basis of psychophysics and perception. At the outset our studies were intended to account for the then known receptive field properties of cortical cells in terms of their underlying circuitry but, surprisingly, a good part of the cortical circuit appeared to be in violation of the principles of cortical architecture. This led us to explore the possibility of new, more complex properties of cortical cells. It has become increasingly possible to relate the responsive specificity of cortical cells and the circuitry underlying this specificity to the perceptual capabilities of the visual system by performing analogous experiments on single cells and in human psychophysics.", } @Article{gilbert:physiolrev98, author = "Charles D. Gilbert", title = "Adult Cortical Dynamics", journal = "Physiological Reviews", year = 1998, month = "April", volume = 78, number = 2, pages = "467--485", url = "http://physrev.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/78/2/467", abstract = "There are many influences on our perception of local features. What we see is not strictly a reflection of the physical characteristics of a scene but instead is highly dependent on the processes by which our brain attempts to interpret the scene. As a result, our percepts are shaped by the context within which local features are presented, by our previous visual experiences, operating over a wide range of time scales, and by our expectation of what is before us. The substrate for these influences is likely to be found in the lateral interactions operating within individual areas of the cerebral cortex and in the feedback from higher to lower order cortical areas. Even at early stages in the visual pathway, cells are far more flexible in their functional properties than previously thought. It had long been assumed that cells in primary visual cortex had fixed properties, passing along the product of a stereotyped operation to the next stage in the visual pathway. Any plasticity dependent on visual experience was thought to be restricted to a period early in the life of the animal, the critical period. Furthermore, the assembly of contours and surfaces into unified percepts was assumed to take place at high levels in the visual pathway, whereas the receptive fields of cells in primary visual cortex represented very small windows on the visual scene. These concepts of spatial integration and plasticity have been radically modified in the past few years. The emerging view is that even at the earliest stages in the cortical processing of visual information, cells are highly mutable in their functional properties and are capable of integrating information over a much larger part of visual space than originally believed.", } @Article{gilbert:nas96, author = "Charles D. Gilbert and Aniruddha Das and Minami Ito and Mitesh K. Kapadia and Gerald Westheimer", title = "Spatial Integration and Cortical Dynamics", journal = "{P}roceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, {USA}", year = 1996, volume = 93, pages = "615--622", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=8570604", abstract = "Cells in adult primary visual cortex are capable of integrating information over much larger portions of the visual field than was originally thought. Moreover, their receptive field properties can be altered by the context within which local features are presented and by changes in visual experience. The substrate for both spatial integration and cortical plasticity is likely to be found in a plexus of long-range horizontal connections, formed by cortical pyramidal cells, which link cells within each cortical area over distances of 6-8 mm. The relationship between horizontal connections and cortical functional architecture suggests a role in visual segmentation and spatial integration. The distribution of lateral interactions within striate cortex was visualized with optical recording, and their functional consequences were explored by using comparable stimuli in human psychophysical experiments and in recordings from alert monkeys. They may represent the substrate for perceptual phenomena such as illusory contours, surface fill-in, and contour saliency. The dynamic nature of receptive field properties and cortical architecture has been seen over time scales ranging from seconds to months. One can induce a remapping of the topography of visual cortex by making focal binocular retinal lesions. Shorter-term plasticity of cortical receptive fields was observed following brief periods of visual stimulation. The mechanisms involved entailed, for the short-term changes, altering the effectiveness of existing cortical connections, and for the long-term changes, sprouting of axon collaterals and synaptogenesis. The mutability of cortical function implies a continual process of calibration and normalization of the perception of visual attributes that is dependent on sensory experience throughout adulthood and might further represent the mechanism of perceptual learning.", } @InProceedings{gilbert:lateral, author = "C. D. Gilbert and J. A. Hirsch and T. N. Wiesel", title = "Lateral Interactions in Visual Cortex", booktitle = "The Brain", series = "{C}old {S}pring {H}arbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology", volume = "{LV}", year = 1990, pages = "663--677", publisher = "Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press", address = "Cold Spring Harbor, NY", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=2132846", abstract = "The findings presented in these studies have brought out different ideas concerning the mechanisms of processing in primary visual cortex than were held at the outset. Rather than thinking of receptive fields as being restricted in their extent, with the process of integration of the components of an image occurring at a much later stage along the visual pathway, we have shown that the integrative process is a progressive one, beginning in the primary visual cortex (or perhaps even earlier) and building up in a cascading series of converging and diverging connections. Rather than thinking of the filter characteristics of a cell as being fixed, it is apparent that they are dynamic and can be modified by the context in which features are presented. Finally, rather than a cortex with a functional architecture that is fixed after a critical period ending in infancy, we find that perturbing the system can lead to long-term topographical reorganization. Other examples of contextual interactions have been demonstrated in the submodalities of motion, where a cell's directional selectivity is modulated by the presence of movement in the surround (Allman et al. 1985; Tanaka et al. 1986; Gulyas et al. 1987; Orban et al. 1987). In the domain of color, the phenomenon of color constancy, reported for cells in visual area V4 (Zeki 1983), also requires lateral interactions in visual space, comparing the wavelength distribution of light coming from surfaces in different parts of the visual field. The influences presented in these studies, as in our own work in the domain of orientation, are modulatory. The long-term changes in cortical topography following removal of somatosensory input (Merzenich et al. 1984, 1988) or by retinal lesions suggest that with the appropriate manipulations the lateral interactions can be enhanced to the point of activating the postsynaptic cells. Although retinal lesions clearly represent an abnormal disruption of sensory input, they may nevertheless be representative of long-term reorganizations of neural networks occurring under normal circumstances, such as those required for memory.", } @Article{gilbert:morphology, author = "C. D. Gilbert and T. N. Wiesel", title = "Morphology and Intracortical Projections of Functionally Identified Neurons in Cat Visual Cortex", journal = "Nature", year = 1979, volume = 280, pages = "120--125", } @Article{gilbert:clustered, author = "C. D. Gilbert and T. N. Wiesel", title = "Clustered Intrinsic Connections in Cat Visual Cortex", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", year = 1983, volume = 3, pages = "1116--1133", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=6188819", abstract = "The intrinsic connections of the cortex have long been known to run vertically, across the cortical layers. In the present study we have found that individual neurons in the cat primary visual cortex can communicate over suprisingly long distances horizontally (up to 4 mm), in directions parallel to the cortical surface. For all of the cells having widespread projections, the collaterals within their axonal fields were distributed in repeating clusters, with an average periodicity of 1 mm. This pattern of extensive clustered projections has been revealed by combining the techniques of intracellular recording and injection of horseradish peroxidase with three-dimensional computer graphic reconstructions. The clustering pattern was most apparent when the cells were rotated to present a view parallel to the cortical surface. The pattern was observed in more than half of the pyramidal and spiny stellate cells in the cortex and was seen in all cortical layers. In our sample, cells made distant connections within their own layer and/or within another layer. The axon of one cell had clusters covering the same area in two layers, and the clusters in the deeper layer were located under those in the upper layer, suggesting a relationship between the clustering phenomenon and columnar cortical architecture. Some pyramidal cells did not project into the white matter, forming intrinsic connections exclusively. Finally, the axonal fields of all our injected cells were asymmetric, extending for greater distances along one cortical axis than along the orthogonal axis. The axons appeared to cover areas of cortex representing a larger part of the visual field than that covered by the excitatory portion of the cell's own receptive field. These connections may be used to generate larger receptive fields or to produce the inhibitory flanks in other cells' receptive fields.", } @Article{gilbert:jn89, author = "Charles D. Gilbert and Torsten N. Wiesel", title = "Columnar Specificity of Intrinsic Horizontal and Corticocortical Connections in Cat Visual Cortex", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 9, year = 1989, pages = "2432--2442", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=2746337", abstract = "A prominent and stereotypical feature of cortical circuitry in the striate cortex is a plexus of long-range horizontal connections, running for 6-8 mm parallel to the cortical surface, which has a clustered distribution. This is seen for both intrinsic cortical connections within a particular cortical area and the convergent and divergent connections running between area 17 and other cortical areas. To determine if these connections are related to the columnar functional architecture of cortex, we combined labeling of the horizontal connections by retrograde transport of rhodamine-filled latex microspheres (beads) and labeling of the orientation columns by 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography. We first mapped the distribution of orientation columns in a small region of area 17 or 18, then made a small injection of beads into the center of an orientation column of defined specificity, and after allowing for retrograde transport, labeled vertical orientation columns with the 2-deoxyglucose technique. The retrogradely labeled cells were confined to regions of orientation specificity similar to that of the injection site, indicating that the horizontal connections run between columns of similar orientation specificity. This relationship was demonstrated for both the intrinsic horizontal and corticocortical connections. The extent of the horizontal connections, which allows single cells to integrate information over larger parts of the visual field than that covered by their receptive fields, and the functional specificity of the connections, suggests possible roles for these connections in visual processing.", } @Article{gilbert:context, author = "Charles D. Gilbert and Torsten N. Wiesel", title = "The Influence of Contextual Stimuli on the Orientation Selectivity of Cells in Primary Visual Cortex of the Cat", journal = "Vision Research", year = 1990, volume = 30, number = 11, pages = "1689--1701", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=2288084", abstract = "Perception of a visual attribute, such as orientation, is strongly dependent on the context within which a feature is presented, such as that seen in the tilt illusion. The possibility that the neurophysiological basis for this phenomenon may be manifest at the level of cells in striate cortex is suggested by anatomical and physiological observations of orientation dependent long range horizontal connections which relate disparate points in the visual field. This study explores the dependency of the functional properties of single cells on visual context. We observed several influences of the visual field area surrounding cells' receptive field on the properties of the receptive field center: inhibition or facilitation dependent on the orientation of the surround, shifts in orientation preference and changes in the bandwidth of orientation tuning. To relate these changes to perceptual changes in orientation we modeled a neuronal ensemble encoding orientation. Our results show that the filter characteristics of striate cortical cells are not necessarily fixed, but can be dynamic, changing according to context.", } @Article{gilbert:receptive, author = "C. D. Gilbert and T. N. Wiesel", title = "Receptive Field Dynamics in Adult Primary Visual Cortex", journal = "Nature", year = 1992, volume = 356, month = "March", pages = "150--152", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=1545866", abstract = "The adult brain has a remarkable ability to adjust to changes in sensory input. Removal of afferent input to the somatosensory, auditory, motor or visual cortex results in a marked change of cortical topography. Changes in sensory activity can, over a period of months, alter receptive field size and cortical topography. Here we remove visual input by focal binocular retinal lesions and record from the same cortical sites before and within minutes after making the lesion and find immediate striking increases in receptive field size for cortical cells with receptive fields near the edge of the retinal scotoma. After a few months even the cortical areas that were initially silenced by the lesion recover visual activity, representing retinotopic loci surrounding the lesion. At the level of the lateral geniculate nucleus, which provides the visual input to the striate cortex, a large silent region remains. Furthermore, anatomical studies show that the spread of geniculocortical afferents is insufficient to account for the cortical recovery. The results indicate that the topographic reorganization within the cortex was largely due to synaptic changes intrinsic to the cortex, perhaps through the plexus of long-range horizontal connections.", } @Article{glover:mebis02, author = "M. Glover and A. Hamilton and L. S. Smith", title = "Analogue {VLSI} Leaky Integrate-and-Fire Neurons and Their Use in a Sound Analysis System", journal = "Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing", year = 2002, volume = 30, pages = "91--100", } @Article{goddard:ptrslb01, author = "Nigel H. Goddard and M. Hucka and Fred Howell and H. Cornelis and K. Shankar and D. Beeman", title = "Towards {NeuroML}: {M}odel Description Methods for Collaborative Modelling in Neuroscience", journal = "Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences", year = 2001, volume = 356, number = 1412, pages = "1209--1228", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=11545699", abstract = "Biological nervous systems and the mechanisms underlying their operation exhibit astonishing complexity. Computational models of these systems have been correspondingly complex. As these models become ever more sophisticated, they become increasingly difficult to define, comprehend, manage and communicate. Consequently, for scientific understanding of biological nervous systems to progress, it is crucial for modellers to have software tools that support discussion, development and exchange of computational models. We describe methodologies that focus on these tasks, improving the ability of neuroscientists to engage in the modelling process. We report our findings on the requirements for these tools and discuss the use of declarative forms of model description--equivalent to object-oriented classes and database schema--which we call templates. We introduce NeuroML, a mark-up language for the neurosciences which is defined syntactically using templates, and its specific component intended as a common format for communication between modelling-related tools. Finally, we propose a template hierarchy for this modelling component of NeuroML, sufficient for describing models ranging in structural levels from neuron cell membranes to neural networks. These templates support both a framework for user-level interaction with models, and a high-performance framework for efficient simulation of the models.", } @Article{godecke:nature96, author = "Imke G{\"o}decke and Tobias Bonhoeffer", title = "Development of Identical Orientation Maps for Two Eyes Without Common Visual Experience", journal = "Nature", volume = 379, pages = "251--254", year = 1996, url = "http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v379/n6562/full/379251a0.html&filetype=PDF", abstract = "In the mammalian visual cortex, many neurons are driven binocularly and response properties such as orientation preference or spatial frequency tuning are virtually identical for the two eyes. A precise match of orientation is essential in order to detect disparity and is therefore a prerequisite for stereoscopic vision. It is not clear whether this match is accomplished by activity-dependent mechanisms together with the common visual experience normally received by the eyes, or whether the visual system relies on other, perhaps even innate, cues to achieve this task. Here we test whether visual experience is responsible for the match in a reverse-suturing experiment in which kittens were raised so that both eyes were never able to see at the same time. A comparison of the layout of the two maps formed under these conditions showed them to be virtually identical. Considering that the two eyes never had common visual experience, this indicates that correlated visual input is not required for the alignment of orientation preference maps.", } @Article{godecke:ejn97, author = "Imke G{\"o}decke and D. S. Kim and Tobias Bonhoeffer and Wolf Singer", title = "Development of Orientation Preference Maps in Area 18 of Kitten Visual Cortex", journal = "European Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 9, number = 8, pages = "1754--1762", year = 1997, month = aug, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9283830", abstract = "We investigated the development of orientation preference maps in the visual cortex of kittens by repeated optical imaging from the same animal. Orientation maps became detectable for the first time around postnatal day (P) 17 and improved continuously in strength unitl P30, the time at which their appearance became adultlike. During this developmental period the overall geometry of the maps remained unchanged, suggesting that the layout of the orientation map is specified prior to P17. Hence, before the visual cortex becomes susceptible to experience-dependent modifications its functional architecture is largely specified. This suggests that the initial development and layout of orientation preference maps are determined by intrinsic processes that are independent of visual experience. This conclusion is further supported by the result that orientation maps were well expressed at P24 in binocularly deprived kittens. Because the appearance of the first orientation-selective neurons and the subsequent development of orientation preference maps correlated well with the time course of the expression and refinement of clustered horizontal connections, we propose that these connections might contribute to the specification of orientation preference maps.", } @Book{goldberg:gabook89, author = "David E. Goldberg", title = "Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning", publisher = "Addison-Wesley", address = "Reading, MA", year = 1989, aliases = "goldberg:gensearch", } @InCollection{goldmanrakic:pbr80, author = "Patricia S. Goldman-Rakic", title = "Morphological Consequences of Prenatal Injury to the Primate Brain", booktitle = "Adaptive Capabilities of the Nervous System: {P}roceedings of the 11th International Summer School of Brain Research", year = 1980, pages = "3--19", publisher = "Elsevier", editor = "P. S. McConnell and G. J. Boer and H. J. Romijn and N. E. van de Poll and M. A. Corner", volume = 53, series = "Progress in Brain Research", address = "Amsterdam", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=7005941", } @InCollection{goldstone:learnperceive03, author = "Robert L. Goldstone", title = "Learning to Perceive While Perceiving to Learn", booktitle = "Perceptual Organization in Vision: {B}ehavioral and Neural Perspectives", pages = "233--278", publisher = "Erlbaum", year = 2003, editor = "R. Kimchi and Marlene Behrmann and C. Olson", address = "Hillsdale, NJ", } @Article{gomez:ab97, author = "Faustino Gomez and Risto Miikkulainen", title = "Incremental Evolution of Complex General Behavior", journal = "Adaptive Behavior", year = 1997, volume = 5, pages = "317--342", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?gomez:ab97", } @Article{goodale:tins92, author = "M. A. Goodale and A. D. Milner", title = "Separate Visual Pathways for Perception and Action", journal = "Trends in Neurosciences", volume = 15, year = 1992, pages = "20--25", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=1374953", abstract = "Accumulating neuropsychological, electrophysiological and behavioural evidence suggests that the neural substrates of visual perception may be quite distinct from those underlying the visual control of actions. In other words, the set of object descriptions that permit identification and recognition may be computed independently of the set of descriptions that allow an observer to shape the hand appropriately to pick up an object. We propose that the ventral stream of projections from the striate cortex to the inferotemporal cortex plays the major role in the perceptual identification of objects, while the dorsal stream projecting from the striate cortex to the posterior parietal region mediates the required sensorimotor transformations for visually guided actions directed at such objects.", } @Article{goodall:stroke97, author = "S. Goodall and J. A. Reggia and Y. Chen and E. Ruppin and C. Whitney", title = "A Computational Model of Acute Focal Cortical Lesions", journal = "Stroke", volume = 28, year = 1997, pages = "101--109", url = "http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/28/1/101", abstract = "BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Determining how cerebral cortex adapts to sudden focal damage is important for gaining a better understanding of stroke. In this study we used a computational model to examine the hypothesis that cortical map reorganization after a simulated infarct is critically dependent on perilesion excitability and to identify factors that influence the extent of poststroke reorganization. METHODS: A previously reported artificial neural network model of primary sensorimotor cortex, controlling a simulated arm, was subjected to acute focal damage. The perilesion excitability and cortical map reorganization were measured over time and compared. RESULTS: Simulated lesions to cortical regions with increased perilesion excitability were associated with a remapping of the lesioned area into the immediate perilesion cortex, where responsiveness increased with time. In contrast, when lesions caused a perilesion zone of decreased activity to appear, this zone enlarged and intensified with time, with loss of the perilesion map. Increasing the assumed extent of intracortical connections produced a wider perilesion zone of inactivity. These effects were independent of lesion size. CONCLUSIONS: These simulation results suggest that functional cortical reorganization after an ischemic stroke is a two-phase process in which perilesion excitability plays a critical role.", } @Article{goodhill:biocyb, author = "Geoffrey J. Goodhill", title = "Topography and Ocular Dominance: {A} Model Exploring Positive Correlations", journal = "Biological Cybernetics", year = 1993, volume = 69, pages = "109--118", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=8373882", abstract = "The map from eye to brain in vertebrates is topographic, i.e., neighbouring points in the eye map to neighbouring points in the brain. In addition, when two eyes innervate the same target structure, the two sets of fibres segregate to form ocular dominance stripes. Experimental evidence from the frog and goldfish suggests that these two phenomena may be subserved by the same mechanisms. We present a computational model that addresses the formation of both topography and ocular dominance. The model is based on a form of competitive learning with subtractive enforcement of a weight normalization rule. Inputs to the model are distributed patterns of activity presented simultaneously in both eyes. An important aspect of this model is that ocular dominance segregation can occur when the two eyes are positively correlated, whereas previous models have tended to assume zero or negative correlations between the eyes. This allows investigation of the dependence of the pattern of stripes on the degree of correlation between the eyes: we find that increasing correlation leads to narrower stripes. Experiments are suggested to test this prediction.", } @Article{goodhill:network00, author = "G. J. Goodhill and A. Cimponeriu", title = "Analysis of the Elastic Net Model Applied to the Formation of Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns", journal = "Network: {C}omputation in Neural Systems", volume = 11, year = 2000, pages = "153--168", url = "http://www.iop.org/EJ/S/3/251/6,8IC98JGbgbtrTW7HWUug/abstract/0954-898X/11/2/303", abstract = "The development and structure of orientation (OR) and ocular dominance (OD) maps in the primary visual cortex of cats and monkeys can be modelled using the elastic net algorithm, which attempts to find an 'optimal' cortical representation of the input features. Here we analyse this behaviour in terms of parameters of the feature space. We derive expressions for the OR periodicity, and the first bifurcation point as a function of the annealing parameter using the methods of Durbin et al (Durbin R, Szeliski R and Yuille A 1989 Neural Computation 1 348-58). We also investigate the effect of the relative order of OR and OD development on overall map structure. This analysis suggests that developmental order can be predicted from the final OR and OD periodicities. In conjunction with experimentally measured values for these periodicities, the model predicts that (i) in normal macaques OD develops first, (ii) in normal cats OR develops first and (iii) in strabismic cats OD develops first.", } @Article{goodhill:tins95, author = "Geoffrey J. Goodhill and S. L{\"o}wel", title = "Theory Meets Experiment: {C}orrelated Neural Activity Helps Determine Ocular Dominance Column Periodicity", year = 1995, journal = "Trends in Neurosciences", volume = 18, pages = "437--439", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=8545906", abstract = "The development of ocular dominance columns in primary visual cortex has attracted much interest from both experimentalists and theoreticians. One key parameter of these columns is their periodicity - it is thus important to understand how this is determined. Novel experimental work demonstrates that the periodicity is influenced by the temporal patterning of afferent activity, as predicted by recent theoretical work.", } @Article{goodhill:network90, author = "Geoffrey J. Goodhill and David J. Willshaw", title = "Application of the Elastic Net Algorithm to the Formation of Ocular Dominance Stripes", journal = "Network: {C}omputation in Neural Systems", volume = 1, number = 1, pages = "41--59", year = 1990, abstract = "The elastic net algorithm, an iterative technique for the solution of combinatorial optimisation problems that have a geometric interpretation, was applied to the problem of explaining the development of ocular dominance stripes in the vertebrate visual system. Simulations show that this algorithm produces stripes under certain conditions. Analysis is presented that predicts the moment at which stripes form and an expression is derived for how stripe width depends on the parameters of the system. In contrast to most other models for stripe formation, the elastic net algorithm provides a common explanatory framework for the development of stripes and of retinotopically ordered projections. ", } @Article{goodhill:nc94, author = "Geoffrey J. Goodhill and David J. Willshaw", title = "Elastic Net Model of Ocular Dominance: {O}verall Stripe Pattern and Monocular Deprivation", journal = "Neural Computation", volume = 6, pages = "615--621", year = 1994, } @Article{goppert:npl97, author = "J. G{\"o}ppert and W. Rosenstiel", title = "The Continuous Interpolating Self-Organizing Map", journal = "Neural Processing Letters", year = 1997, volume = 5, pages = "185--192", } @Article{gorchetchnikov:neucom00, author = "Anatoli Gorchetchnikov", title = "Introduction of Threshold Self-Adjustment Improves the Convergence in Feature-Detective Neural Nets", journal = "Neurocomputing", volume = "32--33", year = 2000, pages = "385--390", } @Article{goren:pediatrics75, author = "C. C. Goren and M. Sarty and P. Y. Wu", title = "Visual Following and Pattern Discrimination of Face-like Stimuli by Newborn Infants", journal = "Pediatrics", year = 1975, volume = 56, number = 4, pages = "544--549", month = oct, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=1165958", abstract = "Forty newborn infants, median age 9 minutes, turned their eyes and heads to follow a series of moving stimuli. Responsiveness was significantly greater to a proper face pattern than to either of two scrambled versions of the same stimulus or to a blank. The demonstration of such consistent response differences suggests that visual discriminations are being made at this early age. These results imply that organized visual perception is an unlearned capacity of the human organism. The preference for the proper face stimulus by infants who had not seen a real face prior to testing suggests that an unlearned or 'evolved' responsiveness to faces may be present in human neonates.", } @Article{gould:science99, author = "Elizabeth Gould and Alison J. Reeves and Michael S. A. Graziano and Charles G. Gross", title = "Neurogenesis in the Neocortex of Adult Primates", journal = "Science", year = 1999, volume = 286, pages = "548--552", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10521353", abstract = "In primates, prefrontal, inferior temporal, and posterior parietal cortex are important for cognitive function. It is shown that in adult macaques, new neurons are added to these three neocortical association areas, but not to a primary sensory area (striate cortex). The new neurons appeared to originate in the subventricular zone and to migrate through the white matter to the neocortex, where they extended axons. These new neurons, which are continually added in adulthood, may play a role in the functions of association neocortex.", } @InProceedings{gove:wcnn93, author = "A. Gove and S. Grossberg and E. Mingolla", title = "Brightness Perception, Illusory Contours and Corticogeniculate Feedback", booktitle = "World Congress on Neural Networks", volume = "I", year = 1993, pages = "25--28", publisher = "Erlbaum", address = "Hillside, NJ", } @Article{govindan:patrec90, author = "V. K. Govindan and A. P. Shivaprasad", title = "Character Recognition --- A Review", journal = "Pattern Recognition", year = 1990, volume = 23, pages = "671--683", } @InProceedings{graham:bmvc98, author = "Daniel B. Graham and Nigel M. Allinson", title = "Automatic Face Representation and Classification", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth British Machine Vision Conference", pages = "64--73", editor = "Mark S. Nixon and John N. Carter", publisher = "BMVA Press", address = "Malvern, UK", year = 1998, } @Article{grajski:hebb, author = "K. A. Grajski and M. M. Merzenich", title = "{H}ebb-Type Dynamics Is Sufficient to Account for the Inverse Magnification Rule in Cortical Somatotopy", journal = "Neural Computation", year = 1990, volume = 2, pages = "71--84", } @Article{gray:neuron99, author = "C. M. Gray", title = "The Temporal Correlation Hypothesis of Visual Feature Integration: {S}till Alive and Well", journal = "Neuron", volume = 24, year = 1999, pages = "31--47", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10677025", } @Article{gray:oscillatory, author = "C. M. Gray and P. Konig and A. K. Engel and W. Singer", title = "Oscillatory Responses in Cat Visual Cortex Exhibit Inter-Columnar Synchronization Which Reflects Global Stimulus Properties", journal = "Nature", year = 1989, volume = 338, pages = "334--337", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=2922061", abstract = "A fundamental step in visual pattern recognition is the establishment of relations between spatially separate features. Recently, we have shown that neurons in the cat visual cortex have oscillatory responses in the range 40-60 Hz (refs 1, 2) which occur in synchrony for cells in a functional column and are tightly correlated with a local oscillatory field potential. This led us to hypothesize that the synchronization of oscillatory responses of spatially distributed, feature selective cells might be a way to establish relations between features in different parts of the visual field. In support of this hypothesis, we demonstrate here that neurons in spatially separate columns can synchronize their oscillatory responses. The synchronization has, on average, no phase difference, depends on the spatial separation and the orientation preference of the cells and is influenced by global stimulus properties.", } @Article{gray:science96, author = "Charles M. Gray and David A. Mc{C}ormick", title = "Chattering Cells: {S}uperficial Pyramidal Neurons Contributing to the Generation of Synchronous Oscillations in the Visual Cortex", journal = "Science", volume = 274, year = 1996, pages = "109--113", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=8810245", abstract = "In response to visual stimulation, a subset of neurons in the striate and prestriate cortex displays synchronous rhythmic firing in the gamma frequency band (20 to 70 hertz). This finding has raised two fundamental questions: What is the functional significance of synchronous gamma-band activity and how is it generated? This report addresses the second of these two questions. By means of intracellular recording and staining of single cells in the cat striate cortex in vivo, a biophysically distinct class of pyramidal neuron termed 'chattering cells' is described. These neurons are located in the superficial layers of the cortex, intrinsically generate 20- to 70-hertz repetitive burst firing in response to suprathreshold depolarizing current injection, and exhibit pronounced oscillations in membrane potential during visual stimulation that are largely absent during periods of spontaneous activity. These properties suggest that chattering cells may make a substantial intracortical contribution to the generation of synchronous cortical oscillations and thus participate in the recruitment of large populations of cells into synchronously firing assemblies.", } @InProceedings{gray:stimulus, author = "C. M. Gray and W. Singer", title = "Stimulus-Specific Neuronal Oscillations in the Cat Visual Cortex: {A} Cortical Functional Unit", booktitle = "Society for Neuroscience Abstracts", publisher = "Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience", volume = 13, year = 1987, pages = "404.3", } @Article{gray:nc95, author = "M. S. Gray and D. T. Lawrence and B. A. Golomb and T. J. Sejnowski", title = "A Perceptron Reveals the Face of Sex", journal = "Neural Computation", volume = 7, number = 6, pages = "1160--1164", year = 1995, month = nov, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=7584894", } @Article{greenlee:vres87sat, author = "Mark W. Greenlee and Svein Magnussen", title = "Saturation of the Tilt Aftereffect", journal = "Vision Research", year = 1987, volume = 27, number = 6, pages = "1041--1043", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=3660647", abstract = "The tilt aftereffect increases as a logarithmic function of adapting time, reaches saturation after approx 1 hr and decays on a symmetric, logarithmic time-course. This is similar to the time-course of contrast threshold elevation, suggesting that threshold and suprathreshold aftereffects are based on similar type of adaptation processes.", } @Article{grieve:ebr95b, author = "K. L. Grieve and A. M. Sillito", title = "Non-Length-Tuned Cells in Layer {II/III} and {IV} of the Visual Cortex: {T}he Effect of Blockade of Layer {VI} on Responses to Stimuli of Different Lengths", journal = "Experimental Brain Research", volume = 104, year = 1995, pages = "12--20", } @Article{grinvald:cortical, author = "A. Grinvald and E. E. Lieke and R. D. Frostig and Rina Hildesheim", title = "Cortical Point-Spread Function and Long-Range Lateral Interactions Revealed by Real-Time Optical Imaging of Macaque Monkey Primary Visual Cortex", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", year = 1994, volume = 14, pages = "2545--2568", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=8182427", abstract = "Processing of retinal images is carried out in the myriad dendritic arborizations of cortical neurons. Such processing involves complex dendritic integration of numerous inputs, and the subsequent output is transmitted to multiple targets by extensive axonal arbors. Thus far, details of this intricate processing remained unexaminable. This report describes the usefulness of real-time optical imaging in the study of population activity and the exploration of cortical dendritic processing. In contrast to single-unit recordings, optical signals primarily measure the changes in transmembrane potential of a population of neuronal elements, including the often elusive subthreshold synaptic potentials that impinge on the extensive arborization of cortical cells. By using small visual stimuli with sharp borders and real-time imaging of cortical responses, we found that shortly after its onset, cortical activity spreads from its retinotopic site of initiation, covering an area at least 10 times larger, in upper cortical layers. The activity spreads at velocities from 100 to 250 microns/msec. Near the V1/V2 border the direct activation is anisotropic and we detected also anisotropic spread; the 'space constant' for the spread was approximately 2.7 mm parallel to the border and approximately 1.5 mm along the perpendicular axis. In addition, we found cortical interactions between cortical activities evoked by a small 'center stimulus' and by large 'surround stimuli' positioned outside the classical receptive field. All of the surround stimuli used suppressed the cortical response to the center stimulus. Under some stimulus conditions iso-orientation suppression was more pronounced than orthogonal-orientation suppression. The orientation dependence of the suppression and its dependency on the size of some specific stimuli indicate that at least part of the center surround inhibitory interaction was of cortical origin. This findings reported here raise the possibility that distributed processing over a very large cortical area plays a major role in the processing of visual information by the primary visual cortex of the primate.", } @Article{gross:jnp72, author = "Charles G. Gross and C. E. Rocha-Miranda and D. B. Bender", title = "Visual Properties of Neurons in Inferotemporal Cortex of the Macaque", journal = "Journal of Neurophysiology", volume = 35, number = 1, pages = "96--111", year = 1972, month = jan, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=4621506", } @Article{grossberg:feature, author = "Stephen Grossberg", title = "On the Development of Feature Detectors in the Visual Cortex with Applications to Learning and Reaction-Diffusion Systems", journal = "Biological Cybernetics", year = 1976, volume = 21, pages = "145--159", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=1244877", } @Article{grossberg:spatvis99, author = "Stephen Grossberg", title = "How Does the Cerebral Cortex Work? {L}earning, Attention, and Grouping by the Laminar Circuits of Visual Cortex", journal = "Spatial Vision", volume = 12, year = 1999, pages = "125--254", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10221426", abstract = "The organization of neocortex into layers is one of its most salient anatomical features. These layers include circuits that form functional columns in cortical maps. A major unsolved problem concerns how bottom-up, top-down, and horizontal interactions are organized within cortical layers to generate adaptive behaviors. This article models how these interactions help visual cortex to realize: (i) the binding process whereby cortex groups distributed data into coherent object representations; (ii) the attentional process whereby cortex selectively processes important events; and (iii) the developmental and learning processes whereby cortex shapes its circuits to match environmental constraints. New computational ideas about feedback systems suggest how neocortex develops and learns in a stable way, and why top-down attention requires converging bottom-up inputs to fully activate cortical cells, whereas perceptual groupings do not.", } @Article{grossberg:psyrev85, author = "S. Grossberg and E. Mingolla", title = "Neural Dynamics of Form Perception: {B}oundary Completion, Illusory Figures, and Neon Color Spreading", journal = "Psychological Review", volume = 92, year = 1985, pages = "173--211", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=3887450", } @Article{grossberg:tins97, author = "S. Grossberg and E. Mingolla and W. D. Ross", title = "Visual Brain and Visual Perception: {H}ow Does the Cortex Do Perceptual Grouping?", journal = "Trends in Neurosciences", volume = 20, year = 1997, pages = "106--111", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9061863", abstract = "How the brain generates visual percepts is a central problem in neuroscience. We propose a detailed neural model of how lateral geniculate nuclei and the interblob cortical stream through V1 and V2 generate context-sensitive perceptual groupings from visual inputs. The model suggests a functional role for cortical layers, columns, maps and networks, and proposes homologous circuits for V1 and V2 with larger-scale processing in V2. An integrated treatment of interlaminar, horizontal, orientational and endstopping cortical interactions and a role for corticogeniculate feedback in grouping are proposed. Modeled circuits simulate parametric psychophysical data about boundary grouping and illusory contour formation.", } @Article{grossberg:rules, author = "Stephen Grossberg and Steven J. Olson", title = "Rules for the Cortical Map of Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns", journal = "Neural Networks", year = 1994, volume = 7, pages = "883--894", } @Article{grossberg:cerebralcortex03, title = "Laminar Development of Receptive Fields, Maps and Columns in Visual Cortex: {T}he Coordinating Role of the Subplate", author = "Stephen Grossberg and Aaron Seitz", journal = "Cerebral Cortex", volume = 13, number = 8, pages = "852--863", year = 2003, abstract = "How is development of cortical maps in V1 coordinated across cortical layers to form cortical columns? Previous neural models propose how maps of orientation (OR), ocular dominance (OD), and related properties develop in V1. These models show how spontaneous activity, before eye opening, combined with correlation learning and competition, can generate maps similar to those found in vivo. These models have not discussed laminar architecture or how cells develop and coordinate their connections across cortical layers. This is an important problem since anatomical evidence shows that clusters of horizontal connections form, between iso-oriented regions, in layer 2/3 before being innervated by layer 4 afferents. How are orientations in different layers aligned before these connections form? Anatomical evidence demonstrates that thalamic afferents wait in the subplate for weeks before innervating layer 4. Other evidence shows that ablation of the cortical subplate interferes with the development of OR and OD columns. The model proposes how the subplate develops OR and OD maps, which then entrain and coordinate the development of maps in other lamina. The model demonstrates how these maps may develop in layer 4 by using a known transient subplate-to-layer 4 circuit as a teacher. The model subplate also guides the early clustering of horizontal connections in layer 2/3, and the formation of the interlaminar circuitry that forms cortical columns. It is shown how layer 6 develops and helps to stabilize the network when the subplate atrophies. Finally the model clarifies how brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) manipulations may influence cortical development. ", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=12853372", } @Article{grossberg:cerebralcortex01, author = "Stephen Grossberg and James R. Williamson", title = "A Neural Model of How Horizontal and Interlaminar Connections of Visual Cortex Develop Into Adult Circuits That Carry Out Perceptual Grouping and Learning", journal = "Cerebral Cortex", volume = 11, year = 2001, pages = "37--58", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=11113034", abstract = "A neural model suggests how horizontal and interlaminar connections in visual cortical areas V1 and V2 develop within a laminar cortical architecture and give rise to adult visual percepts. The model suggests how mechanisms that control cortical development in the infant lead to properties of adult cortical anatomy, neurophysiology and visual perception. The model clarifies how excitatory and inhibitory connections can develop stably by maintaining a balance between excitation and inhibition. The growth of long-range excitatory horizontal connections between layer 2/3 pyramidal cells is balanced against that of short-range disynaptic interneuronal connections. The growth of excitatory on-center connections from layer 6-to-4 is balanced against that of inhibitory interneuronal off-surround connections. These balanced connections interact via intracortical and intercortical feedback to realize properties of perceptual grouping, attention and perceptual learning in the adult, and help to explain the observed variability in the number and temporal distribution of spikes emitted by cortical neurons. The model replicates cortical point spread functions and psychophysical data on the strength of real and illusory contours. The on-center, off-surround layer 6-to-4 circuit enables top-down attentional signals from area V2 to modulate, or attentionally prime, layer 4 cells in area V1 without fully activating them. This modulatory circuit also enables adult perceptual learning within cortical area V1 and V2 to proceed in a stable way.", } @Article{grubb:neuron03, title = "Abnormal Functional Organization in the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of Mice Lacking the $\beta$2 Subunit of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor", author = "Matthew S. Grubb and Francesco M. Rossi and Jean-Pierre Changeux and Ian Thompson", journal = "Neuron", volume = 40, number = 6, pages = "1161--1172", year = 2003, url = "http://www.neuron.org/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS089662730300789X", abstract = "Spontaneous activity patterns in the developing retina appear important for the functional organization of the visual system. We show here that an absence of early retinal waves in mice lacking the beta2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is associated with both gain and loss of functional organization in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Anatomical studies show normal gross retinotopy in the beta2(-/-) dLGN but suggest reduced topographic precision in the retinogeniculate projection. Physiological recordings reveal normal topography in the dorsoventral visual axis but a lack of fine-scale mapping in the nasotemporal visual plane. In contrast, unlike wild-type mice, on- and off-center cells in the beta2(-/-) dLGN are spatially segregated. The presence of the beta2 subunit of the nAChR in the CNS is therefore important for normal functional organization in the retinogeniculate projection. ", } @Article{gustafsson:physiological, author = "Bengt Gustafsson and Holger Wigstr{\"o}m", title = "Physiological Mechanisms Underlying Long-Term Potentiation", journal = "Trends in Neurosciences", year = 1988, volume = 11, pages = "156--162", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=2469184", } @Article{hadjukhani:jn98, author = "Nouchine Hadjikhani and Per E. Roland", title = "Cross-Modal Transfer of Information Between the Tactile and the Visual Representations in the Human Brain: {A} Positron Emission Tomographic Study", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 18, year = 1998, pages = "1072--1084", url = "http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/18/3/1072", } @InProceedings{haessly:cogsci95, author = "Andrea Haessly and Joseph Sirosh and Risto Miikkulainen", title = "A Model of Visually Guided Plasticity of the Auditory Spatial Map in the Barn Owl", booktitle = "{P}roceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society", year = 1995, publisher = "Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum", pages = "154--158", url = "http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/keyword?haessly:cogsci95", } @PhdThesis{haith:phd98, author = "Gary Lawrence Haith", title = "Modeling Activity-Dependent Development in the Retinogeniculate Projection", school = "Department of Psychology, Stanford University", address = "Palo Alto, CA", url = "http://ic-www.arc.nasa.gov/people/haith/diss.ps.gz", year = 1998, } @Article{halgren:hbm99, author = "E. Halgren and A. M. Dale and M. I. Sereno and R. B. H. Tootell and K. Marinkovic and B. R. Rosen", title = "Location of Human Face-Selective Cortex with Respect to Retinotopic Areas", journal = "Human Brain Mapping", volume = 7, number = 1, pages = "29--37", year = 1999, url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9882088", abstract = "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) was used to identify a small area in the human posterior fusiform gyrus that responds selectively to faces (PF). In the same subjects, phase-encoded rotating and expanding checkerboards were used with fMRI to identify the retinotopic visual areas V1, V2, V3, V3A, VP and V4v. PF was found to lie anterior to area V4v, with a small gap present between them. Further recordings in some of the same subjects used moving low-contrast rings to identify the visual motion area MT. PF was found to lie ventral to MT. In addition, preliminary evidence was found using fMRI for a small area that responded to inanimate objects but not to faces in the collateral sulcus medial to PF. The retinotopic visual areas and MT responded equally to faces, control randomized stimuli, and objects. Weakly face-selective responses were also found in ventrolateral occipitotemporal cortex anterior to V4v, as well as in the middle temporal gyrus anterior to MT. We conclude that the fusiform face area in humans lies in non-retinotopic visual association cortex of the ventral form-processing stream, in an area that may be roughly homologous in location to area TF or CITv in monkeys.", } @Article{hallett:nature00, author = "M. Hallett", title = "Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and the Human Brain", journal = "Nature", volume = 406, year = 2000, pages = "147--150", url = "http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v406/n6792/abs/406147a0_fs.html", urlfull = "http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v406/n6792/full/406147a0_fs.html\&content_filetype=pdf", abstract = "Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is rapidly developing as a powerful, non-invasive tool for studying the human brain. A pulsed magnetic field creates current flow in the brain and can temporarily excite or inhibit specific areas. TMS of motor cortex can produce a muscle twitch or block movement; TMS of occipital cortex can produce visual phosphenes or scotomas. TMS can also alter the functioning of the brain beyond the time of stimulation, offering potential for therapy.", } @Article{han:physreve98, author = "Seung Kee Han and Won Sup Kim and Hyungtae Kook", title = "Temporal Segmentation of the Stochastic Oscillator Neural Network", journal = "Physical Review E", volume = 58, year = 1998, pages = "2325--2334", } @Article{hanson:neuroimage04, title = "Combinatorial Codes in Ventral Temporal Lobe for Object Recognition: {H}axby (2001) Revisited: {I}s There a ``Face'' Area?", author = "Stephen Jos\'{e} Hanson and Toshihiko Matsuka and James V. Haxby", url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.05.020", urlfull = "http://www.rumba.rutgers.edu/pubs/objrecog_shj_tm_jvh.PDF", journal = "Neuroimage", issn = "1053-8119", volume = 23, number = 1, pages = "156--166", year = 2004, abstract = "Haxby et al. [Science 293 (2001) 2425] recently argued that category-related responses in the ventral temporal (VT) lobe during visual object identification were overlapping and distributed in topography. This observation contrasts with prevailing views that object codes are focal and localized to specific areas such as the fusiform and parahippocampal gyri. We provide a critical test of Haxby's hypothesis using a neural network (NN) classifier that can detect more general topographic representations and achieves 83% correct generalization performance on patterns of voxel responses in out-of-sample tests. Using voxel-wise sensitivity analysis we show that substantially the same VT lobe voxels contribute to the classification of all object categories, suggesting the code is combinatorial. Moreover, we found no evidence for local single category representations. The neural network representations of the voxel codes were sensitive to both category and superordinate level features that were only available implicitly in the object categories.", } @Book{sdsar03, year = 2003, editor = "S. Harnad and E. Pace-Schott and M. Blagrove and M. Solms", title = "Sleep and Dreaming: {S}cientific Advances and Reconsiderations", booktitle = "Sleep and Dreaming: {S}cientific Advances and Reconsiderations", address = "Cambridge, UK", publisher = "Cambridge University Press", aliases = "sdsar01", } @Book{va98, editor = "Laurence Harris and Michael Jenkin", title = "Vision and Action", publisher = "Cambridge University Press", address = "Cambridge, UK", year = 1998, } @Article{hasselmo:nc02, author = "Michael E. Hasselmo and Clara Bodel{\'o}n and Bradley P. Wyble", title = "A Proposed Function for Hippocampal Theta Rhythm: {S}eparate Phases of Encoding and Retrieval Enhance Reversal of Prior Learning", journal = "Neural Computation", year = 2002, volume = 14, pages = "793--817", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=11936962", abstract = "The theta rhythm appears in the rat hippocampal electroencephalogram during exploration and shows phase locking to stimulus acquisition. Lesions that block theta rhythm impair performance in tasks requiring reversal of prior learning, including reversal in a T-maze, where associations between one arm location and food reward need to be extinguished in favor of associations between the opposite arm location and food reward. Here, a hippocampal model shows how theta rhythm could be important for reversal in this task by providing separate functional phases during each 100-300 msec cycle, consistent with physiological data. In the model, effective encoding of new associations occurs in the phase when synaptic input from entorhinal cortex is strong and long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory connections arising from hippocampal region CA3 is strong, but synaptic currents arising from region CA3 input are weak (to prevent interference from prior learned associations). Retrieval of old associations occurs in the phase when entorhinal input is weak and synaptic input from region CA3 is strong, but when depotentiation occurs at synapses from CA3 (to allow extinction of prior learned associations that do not match current input). These phasic changes require that LTP at synapses arising from region CA3 should be strongest at the phase when synaptic transmission at these synapses is weakest. Consistent with these requirements, our recent data show that synaptic transmission in stratum radiatum is weakest at the positive peak of local theta, which is when previous data show that induction of LTP is strongest in this layer.", } @Article{hasselmo:expression, author = "Michael E. Hasselmo and Edmund T. Rolls and Gordon C. Baylis", title = "The Role of Expression and Identity in the Face-Selective Responses of Neurons in the Temporal Visual Cortex of the Monkey", journal = "Behavioural Brain Research", year = 1989, volume = 32, number = 3, pages = "203--218", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=2713076", abstract = "Neurophysiological studies have shown that some neurons in the cortex in the superior temporal sulcus and the inferior temporal gyrus of macaque monkeys respond to faces. To determine if facial factors such as expression and identity are encoded independently by face-responsive neurons, 45 neurons were tested on a stimulus set depicting 3 monkeys with 3 expressions each. As tested on a two-way ANOVA, 15 neurons showed response differences to different identities independently of expression, and 9 neurons showed responses to different expressions independently of identity. Three neurons showed significant effects of both factors. Six of the neurons with responses related to expression responded primarily to calm faces, while 2 responded primarily to threat faces. Of a further set of 31 neurons tested on pairs of different expressions, 6 showed strong responses to open-mouth fear or threat expressions, while 2 showed stronger responses to calm faces than threat expressions. Neurons responsive to expression were found primarily in the cortex in the superior temporal sulcus, while neurons responsive to identity were found primarily in the inferior temporal gyrus. The difference in anatomical distribution was statistically significant. This supports the possibility that specific impairments of the recognition of the identity of a face and of its expression in man are due to damage to or disconnection of separate neuronal substrates.", } @Article{hastie:principal, author = "T. Hastie and W. Stuetzle", title = "Principal Curves", journal = "Journal of the American Statistical Association", year = 1989, volume = 84, pages = "502--516", } @Article{hata:local, author = "Y. Hata and T. Tsumoto and H. Sato and K. Hagihara and H. Tamura", title = "Development of Local Horizontal Interactions in Cat Visual Cortex Studied by Cross-Correlation Analysis", journal = "Journal of Neurophysiology", year = 1993, month = "January", volume = 69, pages = "40--56", } @Article{haussler:ai88, author = "David Haussler", title = "Quantifying Inductive Bias: {AI} Learning Algorithms and {Valiant}'s Learning Framework", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = 36, year = 1988, pages = "177--221", } @Article{haxby:science01, author = "J. V. Haxby and M. I. Gobbini and M. L. Furey and A. Ishai and J. L. Schouten and P. Pietrini", title = "Distributed and Overlapping Representations of Faces and Objects in Ventral Temporal Cortex", journal = "Science", volume = 293, number = 5539, pages = "2425--2430", year = 2001, url = "http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/293/5539/242", abstract = "The functional architecture of the object vision pathway in the human brain was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure patterns of response in ventral temporal cortex while subjects viewed faces, cats, five categories of man-made objects, and nonsense pictures. A distinct pattern of response was found for each stimulus category. The distinctiveness of the response to a given category was not due simply to the regions that responded maximally to that category, because the category being viewed also could be identified on the basis of the pattern of response when those regions were excluded from the analysis. Patterns of response that discriminated among all categories were found even within cortical regions that responded maximally to only one category. These results indicate that the representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex are widely distributed and overlapping.", } @Article{haxby:jneuro94, author = "J. V. Haxby and B. Horwitz and L. G. Ungerleider and J. M. Maisog and P. Pietrini and C. L. Grady", title = "The Functional Organization of Human Extrastriate Cortex: {A} {PET}-{rCBF} Study of Selective Attention to Faces and Locations", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", year = 1994, volume = 14, pages = "6336--6353", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=7965040", abstract = "The functional dissociation of human extrastriate cortical processing streams for the perception of face identity and location was investigated in healthy men by measuring visual task-related changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with positron emission tomography (PET) and H2(15)O. Separate scans were obtained while subjects performed face matching, location matching, or sensorimotor control tasks. The matching tasks used identical stimuli for some scans and stimuli of equivalent visual complexity for others. Face matching was associated with selective rCBF increases in the fusiform gyrus in occipital and occipitotemporal cortex bilaterally and in a right prefrontal area in the inferior frontal gyrus. Location matching was associated with selective rCBF increases in dorsal occipital, superior parietal, and intraparietal sulcus cortex bilaterally and in dorsal right premotor cortex. Decreases in rCBF, relative to the sensorimotor control task, were observed for both matching tasks in auditory, auditory association, somatosensory, and midcingulate cortex. These results suggest that, within a sensory modality, selective attention is associated with increased activity in those cortical areas that process the attended information but is not associated with decreased activity in areas that process unattended visual information. Selective attention to one sensory modality, on the other hand, is associated with decreased activity in cortical areas dedicated to processing input from other sensory modalities. Direct comparison of our results with those from other PET-rCBF studies of extrastriate cortex demonstrates agreement in the localization of cortical areas mediating face and location perception and dissociations between these areas and those mediating the perception of color and motion.", } @Article{hayes:optic, author = "W. P. Hayes and R. L. Meyer", title = "Optic Synapse Number But Not Density Is Constrained During Regeneration Onto Surgically Halved Tectum in Goldfish: {HRP-EM} Evidence That Optic Fibers Compete for Fixed Numbers of Postsynaptic Sites on the Tectum", journal = "Journal of Computational Neurology", year = 1988, volume = 274, pages = "539--559", } @Article{hayes:retinotopic, author = "W. P. Hayes and R. L. Meyer", title = "Retinotopically Inappropriate Synapses of Subnormal Density Formed by Misdirected Optic Fibers in Goldfish Tectum", journal = "Developmental Brain Research", year = 1988, volume = 38, pages = "304--312", } @Book{haykin:nn, author = "Simon Haykin", title = "Neural Networks: {A} Comprehensive Foundation", publisher = "Macmillan", year = 1994, address = "New York", } @Book{hebb:behavior, author = "Donald O. Hebb", title = "The Organization of Behavior: {A} Neuropsychological Theory", publisher = "Wiley", address = "Hoboken, NJ", year = 1949, } @InProceedings{hechtnielsen:theory, author = "Robert Hecht-Nielsen", title = "Theory of the Backpropagation Neural Network", booktitle = "{P}roceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks", year = 1989, publisher = "Piscataway, NJ: IEEE", volume = "I", pages = "593--605", } @InCollection{hechtnielsen:cmns02, author = "Robert Hecht-Nielsen", title = "A Theory of Thalamocortex", booktitle = "Computational Models for Neuroscience: {H}uman Cortical Information Processing", editor = "Robert Hecht-Nielsen and Thomas McKenna", publisher = "Springer", address = "Berlin", year = 2002, pages = "85--124", } @Article{heeger:jn99, title = "Motion Opponency in Visual Cortex", author = "D. J. Heeger and G. M. Boynton and J. B. Demb and E. Seidemann and W. T. Newsome", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 19, number = 16, pages = "7162--7174", year = 1999, abstract = "Perceptual studies suggest that visual motion perception is mediated by opponent mechanisms that correspond to mutually suppressive populations of neurons sensitive to motions in opposite directions. We tested for a neuronal correlate of motion opponency using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activity in human visual cortex. There was strong motion opponency in a secondary visual cortical area known as the human MT complex (MT+), but there was little evidence of motion opponency in primary visual cortex. To determine whether the level of opponency in human and monkey are comparable, a variant of these experiments was performed using multiunit electrophysiological recording in areas MT and MST of the macaque monkey brain. Although there was substantial variability in the degree of opponency between recording sites, the monkey and human data were qualitatively similar on average. These results provide further evidence that: (1) direction-selective signals underly human MT+ responses, (2) neuronal signals in human MT+ support visual motion perception, (3) human MT+ is homologous to macaque monkey MT and adjacent motion sensitive brain areas, and (4) that fMRI measurements are correlated with average spiking activity.", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10436069", } @Article{hempel:jnp00, author = "C. M. Hempel and K. H. Hartman and X.-J. Wang and G. G. Turrigiano and S. B. Nelson", title = "Multiple Forms of Short-Term Plasticity at Excitatory Synapses in Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex", journal = "Journal of Neurophysiology", volume = 83, year = 2000, pages = "3031--3041", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=10805698", abstract = "Short-term synaptic plasticity, in particular short-term depression and facilitation, strongly influences neuronal activity in cerebral cortical circuits. We investigated short-term plasticity at excitatory synapses onto layer V pyramidal cells in the rat medial prefrontal cortex, a region whose synaptic dynamic properties have not been systematically examined. Using intracellular and extracellular recordings of synaptic responses evoked by stimulation in layers II/III in vitro, we found that short-term depression and short-term facilitation are similar to those described previously in other regions of the cortex. In addition, synapses in the prefrontal cortex prominently express augmentation, a longer lasting form of short-term synaptic enhancement. This consists of a 40-60\% enhancement of synaptic transmission which lasts seconds to minutes and which can be induced by stimulus trains of moderate duration and frequency. Synapses onto layer III neurons in the primary visual cortex express substantially less augmentation, indicating that this is a synapse-specific property. Intracellular recordings from connected pairs of layer V pyramidal cells in the prefrontal cortex suggest that augmentation is a property of individual synapses that does not require activation of multiple synaptic inputs or neuromodulatory fibers. We propose that synaptic augmentation could function to enhance the ability of a neuronal circuit to sustain persistent activity after a transient stimulus. This idea is explored using a computer simulation of a simplified recurrent cortical network.", } @InCollection{henry:nbasis89, author = "Geoffrey H. Henry", title = "Afferent Inputs, Receptive Field Properties and Morphological Cell Types in Different Laminae of the Striate Cortex", booktitle = "The Neural Basis of Visual Function", series = "Vision and Visual Dysfunction", year = 1989, volume = 4, editor = "Audie G. Leventhal", publisher = "CRC Press", address = "Boca Raton, FL", pages = "223--245", } @Article{hensch:science98, author = "Takao K. Hensch and Michela Fagiolini and Nobuko Mataga and Michael P. Stryker and Steinunn Baekkeskov and Shera F. Kash", title = "Local {GABA} Circuit Control of Experience-Dependent Plasticity in Developing Visual Cortex", journal = "Science", year = 1998, volume = 282, pages = "1604--1608", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9822384", abstract = "Sensory experience in early life shapes the mammalian brain. An impairment in the activity-dependent refinement of functional connections within developing visual cortex was identified here in a mouse model. Gene-targeted disruption of one isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase prevented the competitive loss of responsiveness to an eye briefly deprived of vision, without affecting cooperative mechanisms of synapse modification in vitro. Selective, use-dependent enhancement of fast intracortical inhibitory transmission with benzodiazepines restored plasticity in vivo, rescuing the genetic defect. Specific networks of inhibitory interneurons intrinsic to visual cortex may detect perturbations in sensory input to drive experience-dependent plasticity during development.", } @Article{hensch:science04, author = "Takao K. Hensch and Michael P. Stryker", title = "Columnar Architecture Sculpted by {GABA} Circuits in Developing Cat Visual Cortex", journal = "Science", year = 2004, volume = 303, pages = "1678--1681", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=15017001", abstract = "The mammalian visual cortex is organized into columns. Here, we examine cortical influences upon developing visual afferents in the cat by altering intrinsic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition with benzodiazepines. Local enhancement by agonist (diazepam) infusion did not perturb visual responsiveness, but did widen column spacing. An inverse agonist (DMCM) produced the opposite effect. Thus, intracortical inhibitory circuits shape the geometry of incoming thalamic arbors, suggesting that cortical columnar architecture depends on neuronal activity.", } @InCollection{hershenson:mpsvf67, author = "Maurice Hershenson and William Kessen and Harry Munsinger", year = 1967, title = "Pattern Perception in the Human Newborn: {A} Close Look at Some Positive and Negative Results", editor = "Weiant Wathen-Dunn", booktitle = "Models for the Perception of Speech and Visual Form: {P}roceedings of a Symposium", publisher = "MIT Press", address = "Cambridge, MA", pages = "282--290", } @Article{hess:nature97, author = "Robert F. Hess and Steven C. Dakin", title = "Absence of Contour Linking in Peripheral Vision", journal = "Nature", volume = 390, year = 1997, pages = "602--604", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9403687", abstract = "Human foveal vision is subserved initially by groups of spatial, temporal and orientational 'filters', the outputs of which are combined to define perceptual objects. Although a great deal is known about the filtering properties of individual cortical cells, relatively little is known about the nature of this 'linking' process. One recent approach has shown that the process can be thought of in terms of an association field whose strength is determined conjointly by the orientation and distance of the object. Here we describe a fundamental difference in this feature-linking process in central and peripheral parts of the visual field, which provides insight into the ways that foveal and peripheral visual perception differ. In the fovea, performance can be explained only by intercellular linking operations whereas in the periphery intracellular filtering will suffice. This difference represents a substantial economy in cortical neuronal processing of peripheral visual information and may allow a recent theory of intercellular binding to be tested.", } @Article{hess:jpp03, author = "R. F. Hess and A. Hayes and D. J. Field", title = "Contour Integration and Cortical Processing", journal = "Journal of Physiology - Paris", volume = 97, year = 2004, pages = "105--119", } @Article{hines:nc97, author = "Michael L. Hines and N. T. Carnevale", title = "The {NEURON} Simulation Environment", journal = "Neural Computation", year = 1997, volume = 9, pages = "1179--1209", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9248061", abstract = "The moment-to-moment processing of information by the nervous system involves the propagation and interaction of electrical and chemical signals that are distributed in space and time. Biologically realistic modeling is needed to test hypotheses about the mechanisms that govern these signals and how nervous system function emerges from the operation of these mechanisms. The NEURON simulation program provides a powerful and flexible environment for implementing such models of individual neurons and small networks of neurons. It is particularly useful when membrane potential is nonuniform and membrane currents are complex. We present the basic ideas that would help informed users make the most efficient use of NEURON.", } @Article{hirsch:cmn85, author = "Helmut V. B. Hirsch", title = "The Role of Visual Experience in the Development of Cat Striate Cortex", journal = "Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology", year = 1985, volume = 5, pages = "103--121", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=3896493", abstract = "By the third postnatal week, intrinsic developmental programs have established a framework within the cat visual system; this will be used to guide the course of subsequent experience-dependent development. Key elements in this framework are precociously mature cells in visual cortex area 17. These orientation-selective cells are predominantly first-order neurons, they are concentrated in layers IV and VI of area 17, most of them are activated monocularly, many may receive their direct excitatory input from lateral geniculate nucleus X cells, and the distribution of their preferred orientations is biased toward horizontal and vertical. Between the third and the sixth postnatal week, most of the remaining cells in area 17 develop orientation selectivity; this extension of orientation selectivity is blocked or delayed if kittens are deprived of normal patterned visual stimulation. Furthermore, exposure to a limited range of stimulus orientations can lead to an increase in the proportion of orientation-selective cells, and the range of orientation preferences that the cells acquire is restricted by the range of orientations to which the animal is exposed. This occurs with no apparent change in the physiology or morphology of intrinsically selective area 17 cells. Thus selective exposure may have its effect by influencing the connections between the intrinsically selective cells and higher-order neurons in area 17. Experience-dependent changes in the visual system may function to 'fine-tune' sensory processing and thus optimize the system's response to the dominant features of the environment. This experience-dependent process could help the young animal to focus its 'attention' on those features of its environment that are critical to its survival.", } @Article{hirsch:visual, author = "H. V. B. Hirsch and D. Spinelli", title = "Visual Experience Modifies Distribution of Horizontally and Vertically Oriented Receptive Fields in Cats", journal = "Science", year = 1970, volume = 168, pages = "869--871", url = "http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075\%2819700515\%293\%3A168\%3A3933\%3C869\%3AVEMDOH\%3E2.0.CO\%3B2-J", } @Article{hirsch:jn98b, title = "Synaptic Integration in Striate Cortical Simple Cells", author = "J. A. Hirsch and J. M. Alonso and R. C. Reid and L. M. Martinez", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 18, number = 22, pages = "9517--9528", year = 1998, url = "http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/18/22/9517", abstract = "Simple cells in the visual cortex respond to the precise position of oriented contours (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). This sensitivity reflects the structure of the simple receptive field, which exhibits two sorts of antagonism between on and off inputs. First, simple receptive fields are divided into adjacent on and off subregions; second, within each subregion, stimuli of the reverse contrast evoke responses of the opposite sign: push-pull (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962; Palmer and Davis, 1981; Jones and Palmer, 1987; Ferster, 1988). We have made whole-cell patch recordings from cat area 17 during visual stimulation to examine the generation and integration of excitation (push) and suppression (pull) in the simple receptive field. The temporal structure of the push reflected the pattern of thalamic inputs, as judged by comparing the intracellular cortical responses to extracellular recordings made in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Two mechanisms have been advanced to account for the pull-withdrawal of thalamic drive and active, intracortical inhibition (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962; Heggelund, 1968; Ferster, 1988). Our results suggest that intracortical inhibition is the dominant, and perhaps sole, mechanism of suppression. The inhibitory influences operated within a wide dynamic range. When inhibition was strong, the membrane conductance could be doubled or tripled. Furthermore, if a stimulus confined to one subregion was enlarged so that it extended into the next, the sign of response often changed from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing. In other instances, the inhibition modulated neuronal output subtly, by elevating spike threshold or altering firing rate at a given membrane voltage.", } @Article{hirsch:jn98, title = "Ascending Projections of Simple and Complex Cells in Layer 6 of the Cat Striate Cortex", author = "J. A. Hirsch and C. A. Gallagher and J. M. Alonso and L. M. Martinez", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", volume = 18, number = 19, pages = "8086--8094", year = 1998, url = "http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/18/19/8086", abstract = "Receptive field properties vary systematically across the different layers of the cat striate cortex. Understanding how these functional differences emerge requires a precise description of the interlaminar connections and the quality of information that they transmit. This study examines the contribution of the two physiological types of neuron in layer 6, simple and complex, to the cortical microcircuit. The approach was to make whole-cell recordings with dye-filled electrodes in vivo to correlate visual response property with intracortical projection pattern. The two simple cells we stained projected to layer 4, as previously reported (Gilbert and Wiesel, 1979; Martin and Whitteridge, 1984). Six of the eight complex cells that we labeled projected to the superficial layers, a pathway not previously described in the cat. The remaining two cells targeted the infragranular layers. Layer 4 is dominated by simple cells, whereas layers 5 and 2+3 are mainly composed of complex cells (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962; Gilbert, 1977). Hence, our results indicate that the ascending projections of simple cells in layer 6 target other simple cells. In parallel, the ascending projections of a population of complex cells in layer 6 favor other complex cells. Anatomical experiments in several species (Lund and Boothe,1975; Burkhalter,1989; Usrey and Fitzpatrick, 1996; Wiser and Callaway, 1996) had also demonstrated that layer 6 gives rise to two separate intracortical pathways. Pooling the results of these anatomical studies with our own suggests a common feature of the laminar organization: cells that project to different intracortical targets have distinct functional characteristics.", } @Article{hirsch:synaptic, author = "Judith A. Hirsch and Charles D. Gilbert", title = "Synaptic Physiology of Horizontal Connections in the Cat's Visual Cortex", journal = "The Journal of Neuroscience", year = 1991, month = "June", volume = 11, pages = "1800--1809", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=1675266", abstract = "Horizontal connections are a principal component of intrinsic cortical circuitry. They arise mainly from pyramidal cells and course parallel to the brain's surface for distances as long as 8 mm, linking columns with shared orientation preference and allowing cells to integrate visual information from outside their receptive fields. We examined the synaptic physiology of the horizontal pathway in slices of the cat's striate cortex and found that activating lateral fibers produced both excitation and inhibition. We recorded the postsynaptic responses of identified pyramidal cells in layer 2 + 3 of area 17 to electrical shocks applied at three sites: in the home column of the impaled neuron either in layer 2 + 3 or 4, or at a lateral distance of 0.9-3 mm in layer 2 + 3. Within the home column, suprathreshold stimuli produced compound EPSPs with action potentials, followed by fast, GABAAergic IPSPs and a slower, GABABergic IPSP. For the distant stimulating site, the threshold response was an EPSP. Stronger shocks frequently evoked a disynaptic, GABAAergic IPSP that truncated the EPSP and could dominate the postsynaptic response. At the resting potential, the horizontally evoked EPSP was too small to elicit spikes. With depolarization of the membrane, however, it grew several hundred-fold. This amplification was blocked by N-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl)triethylammonium bromide (QX-314), but not by 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV), indicating that it was mediated by Na+ channels, rather than by NMDA receptors. We propose that the horizontal connections provide the means for stimuli outside the receptive field to modulate activity elicited within its confines. The voltage-dependent enhancement of the laterally evoked EPSP may explain why stimulating the surround by itself fails to drive cells but can facilitate their response to stimuli within the receptive field. The ability to initiate disynaptic inhibition from lateral sites shows that recruiting appropriate groups of horizontal fibers can also have a suppressive effect. Thus, the effect of horizontal input is state dependent, with the size and sign of the laterally evoked response changing according to the balance of converging inputs.", } @InProceedings{hochreiter:nips98, author = "S. Hochreiter and J. Schmidhuber", title = "Source Separation as a By-Product of Regularization", booktitle = "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 11", year = 1999, editor = "Michael S. Kearns and Sara A. Solla and David A. Cohn", publisher = "Cambridge, MA: MIT Press", url = "ftp://ftp.ci.tuwien.ac.at/pub/texmf/bibtex/nips-10.bib", pages = "459--465", url = "ftp://ftp.idsia.ch/pub/juergen/nipslococode.pdf", } @Article{hodgkin:membrane, author = "A. L. Hodgkin and A. F. Huxley", title = "A Quantitative Description of Membrane Current and Its Application to Conduction and Excitation in Nerve", journal = "The Journal of Physiology", year = 1952, volume = 117, pages = "500--544", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=12991237", } @Book{hoffman:book98, author = "Donald D. Hoffman", title = "Visual Intelligence: {H}ow We Create What We See", year = 1998, publisher = "Norton", address = "New York", } @Book{holland:adaptation, author = "John H. Holland", title = "Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: {A}n Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control and Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "University of Michigan Press", address = "Ann Arbor, MI", year = 1975, } @Article{hopkins:neuropsychologia03, author = "Ramona O. Hopkins and Catherine E. Myers and Daphna Shohamy and Steven Grossman and Mark Gluck", title = "Impaired Probabilistic Category Learning in Hypoxic Subjects with Hippocampal Damage", journal = "Neuropsychologia", year = 2003, volume = 41, pages = "1919--1928", } @Book{hoppensteadt:book97, author = "Frank C. Hoppensteadt and Eugene M. Izhikevich", title = "Weakly Connected Neural Networks", publisher = "Springer", address = "Berlin", year = 1997, } @Article{horn:nc98, author = "David Horn and Nir Levy and Eytan Ruppin", title = "Memory Maintenance Via Neuronal Regulation", journal = "Neural Computation", year = 1998, volume = 10, pages = "1--18", url = "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=abstract&list_uids=9501502", abstract = "Since their conception half a century ago, Hebbian cell assemblies have become a basic term in the neurosciences, and the idea that learning takes place through synaptic modifications has been accepted as a fundamental paradigm. As synapses undergo continuous metabolic turnover, adopting the stance that memories are engraved in the synaptic matrix raises a fundamental problem: How can memories be maintained for very long time periods? We present a novel solution to this long-standing question, based on biological evidence of neuronal regulation mechanisms that act to maintain neuronal activity. Our mechanism is developed within the framework of a neural model of associative memory. It is operative in conjunction with random activation of the memory system and is able to counterbalance degradation of synaptic weights and normalize the basins of attraction of all memories. Over long time periods, when the variance of the degradation